Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network (2022) Global, regional, and National burden of 12 mental disorders in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry 9:137–150

Article  Google Scholar 

Eysenck MW, Fajkowska M (2018) Anxiety and depression: toward overlapping and distinctive features. Cogn Emot 32:1391–1400

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalin NH (2020) The critical relationship between anxiety and depression. Am J Psychiatry 177:365–367

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koyuncu A, Ertekin E, Binbay Z, Özyıldırım İ, Yüksel Ç, Tükel R (2014) The clinical impact of mood disorder comorbidity on social anxiety disorder. Compr Psychiatry 55:363–369

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamers F, van Oppen P, Comijs HC, Smit JH, Spinhoven P, van Balkom AJLM et al (2011) Comorbidity patterns of anxiety and depressive disorders in a large cohort study: the Netherlands study of depression and anxiety (NESDA). J Clin Psychiatry 72:341–348

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Roy-Byrne PP, Stang P, Wittchen H-U, Ustun B, Walters EE, Kessler RC (2000) Lifetime panic–depression comorbidity in the National comorbidity survey: association with symptoms, impairment, course and help-seeking. Br J Psychiatry 176(3):229–235

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garfinkel SN, Manassei MF, Hamilton-Fletcher G (2016) Interoceptive dimensions across cardiac and respiratory axes. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 371:20160014. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0014

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Khalsa SS, Adolphs R, Cameron OG, Critchley HD, Davenport PW, Feinstein JS et al (2018) Interoception and mental health: a roadmap. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 3:501–513

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Farb N, Daubenmier J, Price CJ, Gard T, Kerr C, Dunn BD et al (2015) Interoception, contemplative practice, and health. Front Psychol 6:763. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00763

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wei Y, van Someren EJ (2020) Interoception relates to sleep and sleep disorders. Curr Opin Behav Sci 33:1–7

Article  Google Scholar 

Zamariola G, Frost N, van Oost A, Corneille O, Luminet O (2019) Relationship between interoception and emotion regulation: new evidence from mixed methods. J Affect Disord 246:480–485

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou H, Zou H, Dai Z, Zhao S, Hua L, Xia Y et al (2022) Interoception dysfunction contributes to the negative emotional bias in major depressive disorder. Front Psychiatry 13:874859

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ballenger JC (2000) Anxiety and depression: optimizing treatments. Prim Care Companion CNS Disord 2. https://doi.org/10.4088/PCC.v02n0301

Zbozinek TD, Rose RD, Wolitzky-Taylor KB, Sherbourne C, Sullivan G, Stein MB et al (2012) Diagnostic overlap of generalized anxiety disorder and major depressive disorder in a primary care sample. Depress Anxiety 29:1065–1071

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Paulus MP, Stein MB (2010) Interoception in anxiety and depression. Brain Struct Funct 214:451–463

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garfinkel SN, Seth AK, Barrett AB, Suzuki K, Critchley HD (2015) Knowing your own heart: distinguishing interoceptive accuracy from interoceptive awareness. Biol Psychol 104:65–74

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khoury NM, Lutz J, Schuman-Olivier Z (2018) Interoception in psychiatric disorders: a review of randomized, controlled trials with interoception-based interventions. Harv Rev Psychiatry 26:250–263

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou H, Liu J, Wu Y, Huang Z, Wang W, Ma Y et al (2024) Unveiling the interoception impairment in various major depressive disorder stages. CNS Neurosci Ther 30:e14923

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pollatos O, Traut-Mattausch E, Schandry R (2009) Differential effects of anxiety and depression on interoceptive accuracy. Depress Anxiety 26:167–173

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dunn BD, Stefanovitch I, Evans D, Oliver C, Hawkins A, Dalgleish T (2010) Can you feel the beat? Interoceptive awareness is an interactive function of anxiety- and depression-specific symptom dimensions. Behav Res Ther 48:1133–1138

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ehlers A, Breuer P (1992) Increased cardiac awareness in panic disorder. J Abnorm Psychol 101:371–382

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eggart M, Lange A, Binser M, Queri S, Müller-Oerlinghausen B (2019) Major depressive disorder is associated with impaired interoceptive accuracy: a systematic review. Brain Sci 9:131

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Craig AD (2003) Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Curr Opin Neurobiol 13:500–505

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Feldman MJ, Bliss-Moreau E, Lindquist KA (2024) The neurobiology of interoception and affect. Trends Cogn Sci 28:643–661

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kleint NI, Wittchen H-U, Lueken U (2015) Probing the interoceptive network by listening to heartbeats: an fMRI study. PLoS ONE 10:e0133164

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nord CL, Lawson RP, Dalgleish T (2021) Disrupted dorsal mid-insula activation during interoception across psychiatric disorders. Am J Psychiatry 178:761–770

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan Y, Wei D, Zhang M, Yang J, Jelinčić V, Qiu J (2018) The role of mid-insula in the relationship between cardiac interoceptive attention and anxiety: evidence from an fMRI study. Sci Rep 8:17280

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Menon V, Uddin LQ (2010) Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of Insula function. Brain Struct Funct 214:655–667

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seeley WW (2019) The salience network: a neural system for perceiving and responding to homeostatic demands. J Neurosci 39:9878–9882

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Clark DM (1986) A cognitive approach to panic. Behav Res Ther 24:461–470

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clark DM, Wells A (1995) A cognitive model of social phobia. Social phobia: Diagnosis, Assessment, and treatment. Guilford Press, New York, pp 69–93

Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, Shamseer L, Tetzlaff JM, Akl EA, Brennan SE, Chou R, Glanville J, Grimshaw JM, Hróbjartsson A, Lalu MM, Li T, Loder EW, Mayo-Wilson E, McDonald S, McGuinness LA, Stewart LA, Thomas J, Tricco AC, Welch VA, Whiting P, Moher D (2021) The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ 372:71

Article  Google Scholar 

Davies G, Hayward M, Evans S, Mason O (2020) A systematic review of structural MRI investigations within borderline personality disorder. Psychiatry Res 286:112864

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kent JD, Lee N, Laird AR, Salo T, Peraza J, Bottenhorn KL et al (2026) Neurosynth compose: A Web-Based platform for flexible and reproducible neuroimaging Meta-Analysis. Imaging Neurosci. https://doi.org/10.1162/IMAG.a.1114

Article  Google Scholar 

Wager TD, Lindquist M, Kaplan L (2007) Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data: current and future directions. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2:150–158