BN MH: Classification of chronic pain: description of chronic pain syndrome and definitions of pain terms. https:// www.iasp- pain. org/ publications/ free-ebooks/classification- of- chronic-pain-second- edition- revised (1994). Accessed 2025–12–18.
Harden RN, Oaklander AL, Burton AW, Perez RS, Richardson K et al (2013) Complex regional pain syndrome: practical diagnostic and treatment guidelines, 4th edition. Pain Med 14:180–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/pme.12033
Marinus J, Moseley GL, Birklein F, Baron R, Maihofner C et al (2011) Clinical features and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome. Lancet Neurol 10:637–648. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1474-4422(11)70106-5
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bruehl S, Maihofner C, Stanton-Hicks M, Perez RS, Vatine JJ et al (2016) Complex regional pain syndrome: evidence for warm and cold subtypes in a large prospective clinical sample. Pain 157:1674–1681. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000569
Sandroni P, Benrud-Larson LM, McClelland RL, Low PA (2003) Complex regional pain syndrome type I: incidence and prevalence in Olmsted county, a population-based study. Pain 103:199–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(03)00065-4
de Mos M, de Bruijn AG, Huygen FJ, Dieleman JP, Stricker BH, Sturkenboom MC (2007) The incidence of complex regional pain syndrome: a population-based study. Pain 129:12–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2006.09.008
Veldman PH, Reynen HM, Arntz IE, Goris RJ (1993) Signs and symptoms of reflex sympathetic dystrophy: prospective study of 829 patients. Lancet 342:1012–1016. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(93)92877-v
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dijkstra PU, Groothoff JW, ten Duis HJ, Geertzen JH (2003) Incidence of complex regional pain syndrome type I after fractures of the distal radius. Eur J Pain 7:457–462. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1090-3801(03)00015-6
Nellans KW, Kowalski E, Chung KC (2012) The epidemiology of distal radius fractures. Hand Clin 28:113–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hcl.2012.02.001
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Xu W, Ni C, Yu R, Gu G, Wang Z, Zheng G (2017) Risk factors for distal radius fracture in postmenopausal women. Orthopade 46:447–450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00132-017-3403-9
Oyen J, Brudvik C, Gjesdal CG, Tell GS, Lie SA, Hove LM (2011) Osteoporosis as a risk factor for distal radial fractures: a case-control study. J Bone Joint Surg Am 93:348–356. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.J.00303
Cummings SR, Black DM, Rubin SM (1989) Lifetime risks of hip, Colles’, or vertebral fracture and coronary heart disease among white postmenopausal women. Arch Intern Med 149:2445–2448
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cummings SR, Melton LJ (2002) Epidemiology and outcomes of osteoporotic fractures. Lancet 359:1761–1767. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)08657-9
Abrahamsen B, Jorgensen NR, Schwarz P (2015) Epidemiology of forearm fractures in adults in Denmark: national age- and gender-specific incidence rates, ratio of forearm to hip fractures, and extent of surgical fracture repair in inpatients and outpatients. Osteoporos Int 26:67–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00198-014-2831-1
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pons T, Shipton EA, Williman J, Mulder RT (2015) Potential risk factors for the onset of complex regional pain syndrome type 1: a systematic literature review. Anesthesiol Res Pract 2015:956539. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/956539
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cooney WP 3rd, Dobyns JH, Linscheid RL (1980) Complications of Colles’ fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 62:613–619
Beerthuizen A, Stronks DL, Van’t Spijker A, Yaksh A, Hanraets BM et al (2012) Demographic and medical parameters in the development of complex regional pain syndrome type 1 (CRPS1): prospective study on 596 patients with a fracture. Pain 153:1187–1192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2012.01.026
Clayton RA, Gaston MS, Ralston SH, Court-Brown CM, McQueen MM (2009) Association between decreased bone mineral density and severity of distal radial fractures. J Bone Joint Surg Am 91:613–619. https://doi.org/10.2106/JBJS.H.00486
de Mos M, Huygen F, Dieleman JP, Koopman J, Stricker CBH, Sturkenboom M (2008) Medical history and the onset of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS). Pain 139:458–466. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2008.07.002
Varenna M, Zucchi F, Orsini F, Crotti C, Calabrese G, Caporali R (2024) Is CRPS-1 a chronic disabling disease? A long-term, real-life study on patients treated with neridronate. Clin Med Insights Arthritis Musculoskelet Disord 17:11795441241294098. https://doi.org/10.1177/11795441241294098
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Charlson ME, Pompei P, Ales KL, MacKenzie CR (1987) A new method of classifying prognostic comorbidity in longitudinal studies: development and validation. J Chronic Dis 40:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(87)90171-8
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lee ES, Koh HL, Ho EQ, Teo SH, Wong FY et al (2021) Systematic review on the instruments used for measuring the association of the level of multimorbidity and clinically important outcomes. BMJ Open 11:e041219. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-041219
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Maiani G, Sanavio E (1985) Semantics of pain in Italy: the Italian version of the McGill Pain Questionnaire. Pain 22:399–405. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(85)90045-4
Dietz C, Muller M, Reinhold AK, Karch L, Schwab B et al (2019) What is normal trauma healing and what is complex regional pain syndrome I? An analysis of clinical and experimental biomarkers. Pain 160:2278–2289. https://doi.org/10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001617
ISTAT: Osservatorio sulla salute. https://osservatoriosullasalute.it/wp-content/uploads/2025/12/ro-2025-cronicita.pdf (2025). Accessed.
Wang YC, Li HY, Lin FS, Cheng YJ, Huang CH et al (2015) Injury location and mechanism for complex regional pain syndrome: a nationwide population-based case-control study in Taiwan. Pain Pract 15:548–553. https://doi.org/10.1111/papr.12211
Pfeilschifter J, Koditz R, Pfohl M, Schatz H (2002) Changes in proinflammatory cytokine activity after menopause. Endocr Rev 23:90–119. https://doi.org/10.1210/edrv.23.1.0456
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bismar H, Diel I, Ziegler R, Pfeilschifter J (1995) Increased cytokine secretion by human bone marrow cells after menopause or discontinuation of estrogen replacement. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 80:3351–3355. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.80.11.7593450
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Harden NR (2011) Cytokine imbalance/activity as a unifying hypothesis for the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of complex regional pain syndrome? Pain 152:247–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pain.2010.10.019
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Shaikh SS, Goebel A, Lee MC, Nahorski MS, Shenker N et al (2024) Evidence of a genetic background predisposing to complex regional pain syndrome type 1. J Med Genet 61:163–170. https://doi.org/10.1136/jmg-2023-109236
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ritz BW, Alexander GM, Nogusa S, Perreault MJ, Peterlin BL et al (2011) Elevated blood levels of inflammatory monocytes (CD14+ CD16+ ) in patients with complex regional pain syndrome. Clin Exp Immunol 164:108–117. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2249.2010.04308.x
Comments (0)