Ng M, Gakidou E, Lo J et al (2025) Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet 405:813–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1
Phelps NH, Singleton RK, Zhou B et al (2024) Worldwide trends in underweight and obesity from 1990 to 2022: a pooled analysis of 3663 population-representative studies with 222 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet 403:1027–1050. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02750-2
Okunogbe A, Nugent R, Spencer G et al (2022) Economic impacts of overweight and obesity: current and future estimates for 161 countries. BMJ Glob Health 7:e009773. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-009773
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Uti DE, Atangwho IJ, Omang WA et al (2025) Cytokines as key players in obesity low grade inflammation and related complications. Obes Med 54:100585. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obmed.2025.100585
Costantini S, Castello G, Colonna G (2010) Human cytokinome: a new challenge for systems biology. Bioinformation 5:166–167. https://doi.org/10.6026/97320630005166
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Schmidt FM, Weschenfelder J, Sander C et al (2015) Inflammatory cytokines in general and central obesity and modulating effects of physical activity. PLoS ONE 10:e0121971. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0121971
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Johnston BC, Kanters S, Bandayrel K et al (2014) Comparison of weight loss among named diet programs in overweight and obese adults: a meta-analysis. JAMA 312:923–933. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.10397
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Drabińska N, Wiczkowski W, Piskuła MK (2021) Recent advances in the application of a ketogenic diet for obesity management. Trends Food Sci Technol 110:28–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2021.01.080
Jiang Z, Yin X, Wang M et al (2022) Effects of ketogenic diet on neuroinflammation in neurodegenerative diseases. Aging Dis 13:1146–1165
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drabińska N (2024) Current perspective about the effect of a ketogenic diet on oxidative stress—a review. Pol J Food Nutr Sci 92–105. https://doi.org/10.31883/pjfns/185366
Barrea L, Caprio M, Watanabe M et al (2023) Could very low-calorie ketogenic diets turn off low grade inflammation in obesity? Emerging evidence. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 63:8320–8336. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2022.2054935
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Caprio M, Infante M, Moriconi E et al (2019) Very-low-calorie ketogenic diet (VLCKD) in the management of metabolic diseases: systematic review and consensus statement from the Italian Society of Endocrinology (SIE). J Endocrinol Invest 42:1365–1386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40618-019-01061-2
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Urbanová M, Mráz M, Durovcová V et al (2017) The effect of very-low-calorie diet on mitochondrial dysfunction in subcutaneous adipose tissue and peripheral monocytes of obese subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Physiol Res 66:811–822
Merra G, Gratteri S, Lorenzo ADE et al (2017) Effects of very-low-calorie diet on body composition, metabolic state, and genes expression: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 21:329–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-006-0076-1
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Forsythe CE, Phinney SD, Fernandez ML et al (2008) Comparison of low fat and low carbohydrate diets on circulating fatty acid composition and markers of inflammation. Lipids 43:65–77. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11745-007-3132-7
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lorenzo PM, Sajoux I, Izquierdo AG et al (2022) Immunomodulatory effect of a very-low-calorie ketogenic diet compared with bariatric surgery and a low-calorie diet in patients with excessive body weight. Clin Nutr 41:1566–1577. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2022.05.007
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rondanelli M, Perna S, Ilyas Z et al (2022) Effect of very low-calorie ketogenic diet in combination with omega-3 on inflammation, satiety hormones, body composition, and metabolic markers. A pilot study in class I obese subjects. Endocrine 75:129–136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12020-021-02860-5
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Alkhorayef N, Almutery FT, Rasheed Z et al (2023) Regulatory effects of ketogenic diet on the inflammatory response in obese Saudi women. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 18:1101–1107. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtumed.2023.03.006
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kaiser A, Siddiqui MM, Bosley-Smith J et al (2024) Weight loss, pathological changes, and inflammatory effects from a short-term ketogenic diet in overweight and obese men with untreated prostate cancer on active surveillance. Nutrients 16:3716. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16213716
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rosenbaum M, Hall KD, Guo J et al (2019) Glucose and lipid homeostasis and inflammation in humans following an isocaloric ketogenic diet. Obesity 27:971–981. https://doi.org/10.1002/oby.22468
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rondanelli M, Gasparri C, Pirola M et al (2024) Does the ketogenic diet mediate inflammation markers in obese and overweight adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Nutrients 16:4002. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16234002
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drabińska N, Romaszko J, White P (2023) The effect of isocaloric, energy-restrictive, KETOgenic diet on metabolism, inflammation, nutrition deficiencies and oxidative stress in women with overweight and obesity (KETO-MINOX): study protocol. PLoS ONE 18:e0285283. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0285283
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stenbäck V, Leppäluoto J, Leskelä N et al (2021) Step detection and energy expenditure at different speeds by three accelerometers in a controlled environment. Sci Rep 11:20005. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-97299-z
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stenbäck V, Leppäluoto J, Juustila R et al (2022) Step detection accuracy and energy expenditure estimation at different speeds by three accelerometers in a controlled environment in overweight/obese subjects. J Clin Med 11:3267. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm11123267
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Stenbäck V, Lehtonen I, Leppäluoto J et al (2025) Associations of step accelerations and cardiometabolic risk markers in early adulthood. Eur J Public Health 35:128–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurpub/ckae199
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gibson AA, Seimon RV, Lee CMY et al (2015) Do ketogenic diets really suppress appetite? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev 16:64–76. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12230
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ashtary-Larky D, Bagheri R, Bavi H et al (2022) Ketogenic diets, physical activity and body composition: a review. Br J Nutr 127:1898–1920. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114521002609
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Leaf A, Rothschild JA, Sharpe TM et al (2024) International society of sports nutrition position stand: ketogenic diets. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 21. https://doi.org/10.1080/15502783.2024.2368167
Goebeler M, Gillitzer R, Kilian K et al (2001) Multiple signaling pathways regulate NF-κB–dependent transcription of the monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 gene in primary endothelial cells. Blood 97:46–55. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.V97.1.46
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Turner MD, Nedjai B, Hurst T, Pennington DJ (2014) Cytokines and chemokines: at the crossroads of cell signalling and inflammatory disease. Biochim Biophys
Comments (0)