Oh J, Vidal-Jordana A, Montalban X (2018) Multiple sclerosis: clinical aspects. Curr Opin Neurol 31(6):752–759

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Portaccio E, Magyari M, Havrdova EK, Ruet A, Brochet B, Scalfari A, Di Filippo M, Tur C, Montalban X, Amato MP (2024) Multiple sclerosis: emerging epidemiological trends and redefining the clinical course. Lancet Reg Health–Europe. ;44

Cree BA, Arnold DL, Chataway J, Chitnis T, Fox RJ, Pozo Ramajo A, Murphy N, Lassmann H (2021) Secondary progressive multiple sclerosis: new insights. Neurology 97(8):378–388

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bierhansl L, Hartung HP, Aktas O, Ruck T, Roden M, Meuth SG (2022) Thinking outside the box: non-canonical targets in multiple sclerosis. Nat Rev Drug Discov 21(8):578–600

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yang JH, Rempe T, Whitmire N, Dunn-Pirio A, Graves JS (2022) Therapeutic advances in multiple sclerosis. Front Neurol 13:824926

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Matsushima GK, Morell P (2001) The neurotoxicant, cuprizone, as a model to study demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system. Brain Pathol 11(1):107–116

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Münzel EJ, Williams A (2013) Promoting remyelination in multiple sclerosis-recent advances. Drugs 73:2017–2029. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0146-8

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Fischer HJ, Schweingruber N, Lühder F, Reichardt HM (2013) The potential role of T cell migration and chemotaxis as targets of glucocorticoids in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Mol Cell Endocrinol 380(1–2):99–107

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Signorile A, Ferretta A, Ruggieri M, Paolicelli D, Lattanzio P, Trojano M, De Rasmo D (2020) Mitochondria, oxidative stress, cAMP signalling and apoptosis: a crossroads in lymphocytes of multiple sclerosis, a possible role of nutraceutics. Antioxidants 10(1):21

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Chu Y, Ma R, Dou M, Li S, Song Y, Lv Y, Zhu L (2022) Ferroptosis as a mechanism of oligodendrocyte loss and demyelination in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 373:577995

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

David S, Jhelum P, Ryan F, Jeong SY, Kroner A (2022) Dysregulation of iron homeostasis in the central nervous system and the role of ferroptosis in neurodegenerative disorders. Antioxid Redox Signal 37(1–3):150–170

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Barrera G, Pizzimenti S, Daga M, Dianzani C, Arcaro A, Cetrangolo GP, Giordano G, Cucci MA, Graf M, Gentile F (2018) Lipid peroxidation-derived aldehydes, 4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde in aging-related disorders. Antioxidants 7(8):102

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kotla NK, Dutta P, Parimi S, Das NK (2022) The role of ferritin in health and disease: recent advances and understandings. Metabolites 12(7):609

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Van San E, Debruyne AC, Veeckmans G, Tyurina YY, Tyurin VA, Zheng H, Choi SM, Augustyns K, van Loo G, Michalke B, Venkataramani V (2023) Ferroptosis contributes to multiple sclerosis and its pharmacological targeting suppresses experimental disease progression. Cell Death Differ 30(9):2092–2103

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mohd Sairazi NS, Sirajudeen KN (2020) Natural products and their bioactive compounds: neuroprotective potentials against neurodegenerative diseases. Evidence-Based Complement Altern Med 2020(1):6565396

Article  Google Scholar 

Pourmohammadi S, Roghani M, Kiasalari Z, Khalili M (2022) Paeonol ameliorates cuprizone-induced hippocampal demyelination and cognitive deficits through inhibition of oxidative and inflammatory events. J Mol Neurosci 1:1–11

Google Scholar 

Yuan J, Tao Y, Wang M, Huang F, Wu X Natural compounds as potential therapeutic candidates for multiple sclerosis: emerging preclinical evidence. Phytomedicine 2023 Dec 8:155248

Rahman MH, Bajgai J, Fadriquela A, Sharma S, Trinh TT, Akter R, Jeong YJ, Goh SH, Kim CS, Lee KJ (2021) Therapeutic potential of natural products in treating neurodegenerative disorders and their future prospects and challenges. Molecules 26(17):5327

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Gan S, Li B, Ge X, Yu H, Zhou H (2019) Fisetin alleviates atrial inflammation, remodeling, and vulnerability to atrial fibrillation after myocardial infarction. Int Heart J 60(6):1398–1406

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sundarraj K, Raghunath A, Panneerselvam L, Perumal E (2020) Fisetin, a phytopolyphenol, targets apoptotic and necroptotic cell death in HepG2 cells. Biofactors 46(1):118–135

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang J, Zhao L, Hu C, Wang T, Lu J, Wu C, Chen L, Jin M, Hu H, Ji G, Cao Q (2020) Fisetin prevents acetaminophen-induced liver injury by promoting autophagy. Front Pharmacol 11:162. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.00162

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jacob S, Thangarajan S (2018) Fisetin impedes developmental methylmercury neurotoxicity via downregulating apoptotic signalling pathway and upregulating Rho GTPase signalling pathway in hippocampus of F1 generation rats. Int J Dev Neurosci 69:88–96

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhang L, Wang H, Zhou Y, Zhu Y, Fei M (2018) Fisetin alleviates oxidative stress after traumatic brain injury via the Nrf2-ARE pathway. Neurochem Int 118:304–313

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Zhan JQ, Chen CN, Wu SX, Wu HJ, Zou K, Xiong JW, Wei B, Yang YJ (2021) Flavonoid fisetin reverses impaired hippocampal synaptic plasticity and cognitive function by regulating the function of AMPARs in a male rat model of schizophrenia. J Neurochem 158(2):413–428

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Li D, Liu X, Pi W, Zhang Y, Yu L, Xu C, Sun Z, Jiang J (2022) Fisetin attenuates doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in vivo and in vitro by inhibiting ferroptosis through SIRT1/Nrf2 signaling pathway activation. Front Pharmacol 12:808480

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang B, Yang LN, Yang LT, Liang Y, Guo F, Fu P, Ma L (2023) Fisetin ameliorates fibrotic kidney disease in mice via inhibiting ACSL4-mediated tubular ferroptosis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 11:1–6

Google Scholar 

Long L, Han X, Ma X, Li K, Liu L, Dong J, Qin B, Zhang K, Yang K, Yan H (2020) Protective effects of Fisetin against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. Experimental Therapeutic Med 19(5):3177–3188

CAS  Google Scholar 

Goldberg J, Clarner T, Beyer C, Kipp M (2015) Anatomical distribution of cuprizone-induced lesions in C57BL6 mice. J Mol Neurosci 57:166–175

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yu X, Jiang X, Zhang X, Chen Z, Xu L, Chen L, Wang G, Pan J (2016) The effects of Fisetin on lipopolysaccharide-induced depressive-like behavior in mice. Metab Brain Dis 31:1011–1021

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hashem M, Shafqat Q, Wu Y, Rho JM, Dunn JF (2022) Abnormal oxidative metabolism in the Cuprizone mouse model of demyelination: an in vivo NIRS-MRI study. Neuroimage 250:118935

Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Flecknell P (2016) Laboratory Animal Anaesthesia. 4th edition. Academic Press: (Appendix 3): 265–268. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-800036-6.00023-5

Tovchiga OV, Shtrygol SY, Gorbatch TV (2018) Behavioural reactions of random-bred mice under the influence of hypouricemia and Aegopodium podagraria L. preparations

Zamali I, Elbini I, Rekik R, Neili NE, Ben Hamouda W, Ben Hmid A, Doghri R, Ben Ahmed M (2024) Advancing understanding of the role of IL-22 in myelination: insights from the Cuprizone mouse model. Front Neurol 15:1411143

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

García-Campos P, Báez-Matus X, Jara-Gutiérrez C, Paz-Araos M, Astorga C, Cea LA, Rodríguez V, Bevilacqua JA, Caviedes P, Cárdenas AM (2020) N-acetylcysteine reduces skeletal muscles oxidative stress and improves grip strength in dysferlin-deficient Bla/J mice. Int J Mol Sci 21(12):4293

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central