Chen, H., Lin, L., Chen, J. & Huang, F. Prevalence of malocclusion traits in primary dentition, 2010-2024: a systematic review. Healthc. Basel Switz. 12, 1321 (2024).

Google Scholar 

De Ridder, L., Aleksieva, A., Willems, G., Declerck, D. & Cadenas de Llano-Pérula, M. Prevalence of orthodontic malocclusions in healthy children and adolescents: a systematic review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 19, 7446 (2022).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou, C. et al. Expert consensus on pediatric orthodontic therapies of malocclusions in children. Int. J. Oral. Sci. 16, 1–11 (2024).

Article  Google Scholar 

Jönsson, S. et al. Prevalence and treatment outcomes of hydrocephalus among children with craniofacial syndromes. J. Plast. Surg. Hand Surg. 60, 40–45 (2025).

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brown, M. I. et al. Travel Burden to American cleft palate and craniofacial association–approved cleft and craniofacial teams: a geospatial analysis. Plast. Reconstr. Surg. 155, 140 (2025).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leitch, V. D., Bassett, J. H. D. & Williams, G. R. Role of thyroid hormones in craniofacial development. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 16, 147–164 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

To, K. et al. A multi-omic atlas of human embryonic skeletal development. Nature 635, 657–667 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xu, J., Iyyanar, P. P. R., Lan, Y. & Jiang, R. Sonic hedgehog signaling in craniofacial development. Differ. Res. Biol. Divers. 133, 60–76 (2023).

CAS  Google Scholar 

Pei, F. et al. FGF signaling modulates mechanotransduction/WNT signaling in progenitors during tooth root development. Bone Res. 12, 37 (2024).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Monsoro-Burq, A. H. PAX transcription factors in neural crest development. Semin. Cell Dev. Biol. 44, 87–96 (2015).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Paiva, K. B. S. et al. Differential Shh, Bmp and Wnt gene expressions during craniofacial development in mice. Acta Histochem 112, 508–517 (2010).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xue, C. et al. Evolving cognition of the JAK-STAT signaling pathway: autoimmune disorders and cancer. Signal Transduct. Target. Ther. 8, 204 (2023).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Xin, P. et al. The role of JAK/STAT signaling pathway and its inhibitors in diseases. Int. Immunopharmacol. 80, 106210 (2020).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim, S. et al. Stat1 functions as a cytoplasmic attenuator of Runx2 in the transcriptional program of osteoblast differentiation. Genes Dev. 17, 1979–1991 (2003).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hirose, J. et al. Bone resorption is regulated by cell-autonomous negative feedback loop of Stat5-Dusp axis in the osteoclast. J. Exp. Med. 211, 153–163 (2014).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee, J. et al. STAT5 is a key transcription factor for IL-3-mediated inhibition of RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis. Sci. Rep. 6, 30977 (2016).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dernowsek, J. A. et al. Posttranscriptional Interaction Between miR-450a-5p and miR-28-5p and STAT1 mRNA triggers osteoblastic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 118, 4045–4062 (2017).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chan, L. et al. Loss of Stat3 in Osterix+ cells impairs dental hard tissues development. Cell Biosci. 13, 75 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang, B. et al. The role of epithelial Stat3 in amelogenesis during mouse incisor renewal. Cells Tissues Organs 205, 63–71 (2018).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fang, J., Yang, Q. & Pi, B. Delayed diagnosis of hyperimmunoglobulin E syndrome with STAT3 mutation in mainland China: a case report and literature review. J. Int. Med. Res. 49, 3000605211008073 (2021).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chandesris, M.-O. et al. Autosomal dominant STAT3 deficiency and hyper-IgE syndrome: molecular, cellular, and clinical features from a French national survey. Medicine 91, e1–e19 (2012).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Minegishi, Y. et al. Dominant-negative mutations in the DNA-binding domain of STAT3 cause hyper-IgE syndrome. Nature 448, 1058–1062 (2007).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leiding, J. W. et al. Monogenic early-onset lymphoproliferation and autoimmunity: natural history of STAT3 gain-of-function syndrome. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 151, 1081–1095 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hwa, V. et al. Severe growth hormone insensitivity resulting from total absence of signal transducer and activator of transcription 5b. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 90, 4260–4266 (2005).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klammt, J. et al. Dominant-negative STAT5B mutations cause growth hormone insensitivity with short stature and mild immune dysregulation. Nat. Commun. 9, 2105 (2018).

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Baris, S. et al. Severe allergic dysregulation due to a gain of function mutation in the transcription factor STAT6. J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 152, 182–194.e7 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sharma, M. et al. Human germline heterozygous gain-of-function STAT6 variants cause severe allergic disease. J. Exp. Med. 220, e20221755 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Stellacci, E. et al. The activating p.Ser466Arg change in STAT1 causes a peculiar phenotype with features of interferonopathies. Clin. Genet. 96, 585–589 (2019).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Baghdassarian, H. et al. Variant STAT4 and response to ruxolitinib in an autoinflammatory syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 388, 2241–2252 (2023).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Manore, S. G., Doheny, D. L., Wong, G. L. & Lo, H.-W. IL-6/JAK/STAT3 Signaling in breast cancer metastasis: biology and treatment. Front. Oncol. 12, 866014 (2022).

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Darnell, J. E., Kerr, I. M. & Stark, G. R. Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 264, 1415–1421 (1994).

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Stahl, N. et al. Association and activation of Jak-Tyk kinases by CNTF-LIF-OSM-IL-6 beta receptor components. Science 263, 92–95 (1994).

Article