Brazier, J., Ratcliffe, J., Saloman, J., & Tsuchiya, A. (2016). Measuring and Valuing Health Benefits for Economic Evaluation. Oxford University Press.
Drummond, M. E., Sculpher, M. J., Torrance, G. W., O’Brien, B. J., & Stoddart, G. L. (2005). Methods for the Economic Evaluation of Health Care Programmes. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198529446.001.0001
EuroQol Group. (1990). EuroQol–a new facility for the measurement of health-related quality of life. Health Policy Dec, 16(3), 199–208.
Rabin, R., & de Charro, F. (2001). EQ-5D: A measure of health status from the EuroQol Group. Ann Med Jul, 33(5), 337–343.
Kuharic, M., Yu, J., Joshi, M. (2025). Patient-reported outcome measures in clinical trials: An Analysis of Trends From 2008 to 2023. Value Health Nov 20.
Wang, A., Rand, K., Yang, Z., Brooks, R., & Busschbach, J. (2022). The remarkably frequent use of EQ-5D in non-economic research. Eur J Health Econ Aug, 23(6), 1007–1014.
EuroQOL Research Foundation. EQ-5D-3L user guide: Basic information on how to use the EQ-5D-3L instrument (2018). ; https://euroqol-domain.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/24144241/EQ-5D-3L-Userguide-1118-15-DEF.pdf. Accessed 02 February 2026, 2026.
Herdman, M., Gudex, C., Lloyd, A., et al. (2011). Development and preliminary testing of the new five-level version of EQ-5D (EQ-5D-5L). Qual Life Res Dec, 20(10), 1727–1736.
Cheng, L. J., Tan, R. L., & Luo, N. (2021). Measurement Properties of the EQ VAS Around the Globe: A systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Value Health Aug, 24(8), 1223–1233.
Feng, Y., Devlin, N., & Herdman, M. (2015). Assessing the health of the general population in England: How do the three- and five-level versions of EQ-5D compare? Health Qual Life Outcomes Oct, 21, 13:171.
Janssen, M. F., Pickard, A. S., Golicki, D., et al. (2013). Measurement properties of the EQ-5D-5L compared to the EQ-5D-3L across eight patient groups: A multi-country study. Qual Life Res Sep, 22(7), 1717–1727.
Stolk, E., Ludwig, K., Rand, K., van Hout, B., & Ramos-Goñi, J. M. (2019). Overview, update, and lessons learned from the international EQ-5D-5L valuation work: Version 2 of the EQ-5D-5L valuation protocol. Value Health Jan, 22(1), 23–30.
Janssen, B., & Szende, A. (2014). Population norms for the EQ-5D. In A. Szende, B. Janssen, & J. Cabases (Eds.), Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D (pp. 19–30). Springer.
Janssen, M. F., Szende, A., Cabases, J., Ramos-Goñi, J. M., Vilagut, G., & König, H. H. (2019). Population norms for the EQ-5D-3L: A cross-country analysis of population surveys for 20 countries. Eur J Health Econ Mar, 20(2), 205–216.
Pickard, A. S., Law, E. H., Jiang, R., et al. (2019). United States valuation of EQ-5D-5L health states using an International Protocol. Value Health Aug, 22(8), 931–941.
Golicki, D., & Niewada, M. (2017). EQ-5D-5L Polish population norms. Arch Med Sci Feb, 1(1), 191–200.
McCaffrey, N., Kaambwa, B., Currow, D. C., & Ratcliffe, J. (2016). Health-related quality of life measured using the EQ-5D-5L: South Australian population norms. Health Qual Life Outcomes Sep, 20(1), 133.
Bailey, H., Janssen, M. F., La Foucade, A., & Kind, P. (2019). EQ-5D-5L Population norms and health inequalities for Trinidad and Tobago. PLoS One, 14(4), e0214283.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang, Z., Luo, N., & Wang, P. (2025). A comparative analysis of EQ-5D-5L general population norms across 23 countries: Gender and age disparities. Pharmacoeconomics and Policy, 2025/03/01(1), 5–14.
Shiroiwa, T., Fukuda, T., Ikeda, S., et al. (2016). Japanese population norms for preference-based measures: EQ-5D-3L, EQ-5D-5L, and SF-6D. Qual Life Res Mar, 25(3), 707–719.
Yang, Z., Busschbach, J., Liu, G., & Luo, N. (2018). EQ-5D-5L norms for the urban Chinese population in China. Health Qual Life Outcomes Nov, 8(1), 210.
Purba, F. D., Hunfeld, J. A. M., Iskandarsyah, A., et al. (2018). Quality of life of the Indonesian general population: Test-retest reliability and population norms of the EQ-5D-5L and WHOQOL-BREF. PLoS One, 13(5), e0197098.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mai, V. Q., Sun, S., Minh, H. V., et al. (2020). An EQ-5D-5L value set for Vietnam. Qual Life Res Jul, 29(7), 1923–1933.
Tan, J., Lim, M. J., Kanesvaran, R., et al. (2025). Health-related quality of life in Singapore: Population norms for the EQ-5D-5L and EORTC QLQ-C30. Ann Acad Med Singap Mar, 27(3), 147–159.
Wong, E. L., Cheung, A. W., Wong, A. Y., Xu, R. H., Ramos-Goñi, J. M., & Rivero-Arias, O. (2019). Normative profile of health-related quality of life for Hong Kong general population using preference-based instrument EQ-5D-5L. Value in Health, 22(8), 916–924.
Kangwanrattanakul, K., & Krägeloh, C. U. (2024). EQ-5D-3L and EQ-5D-5L population norms for Thailand. Bmc Public Health, 2024/04/22(1), 1108.
Szende, A., Janssen, B., & Cabasés, J. M. (2014 ed). Self-reported population health: an international perspective based on EQ-5D. Dordrecht: Springer; 2014.
Pharmaceutical Services Division MoHM. Pharmacoeconomic guidelines for Malaysia (2nd ed.) (2019). ; https://pharmacy.moh.gov.my/sites/default/files/document-upload/pharmacoeconomic-guidelines-malaysia-malaysia-second-edition-2019-final-page-adjustment_0.pdf. Accessed 06 February 2026.
Shafie, A. A., Hassali, M. A., & Liau, S. Y. (2011). A cross-sectional validation study of EQ-5D among the Malaysian adult population. Qual Life Res May, 20(4), 593–600.
Shafie, A. A., Vasan Thakumar, A., Lim, C. J., & Luo, N. (2019). Psychometric performance assessment of Malay and Malaysian English version of EQ-5D-5L in the Malaysian population. Quality Of Life Research, 2019/01/01(1), 153–162.
Shafie, A. A., Vasan Thakumar, A., Lim, C. J., Luo, N., Rand-Hendriksen, K., & Md Yusof, F. A. (2019). EQ-5D-5L Valuation for the Malaysian Population. PharmacoEconomics 2019/05/01, 37(5), 715–725.
Yusof, F. A., Goh, A., & Azmi, S. (2012). Estimating an EQ-5D value set for Malaysia using time trade-off and visual analogue scale methods. Value Health Jan-Feb, 15(1 Suppl), S85–90.
National Institute for H, & Care, E. (2013). NICE process and methods guides. Guide to the Methods of Technology Appraisal 2013. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE).
Deville, J-C., Särndal, C-E., & Sautory, O. (1993). Generalized raking procedures in survey sampling. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 88(423), 1013–1020.
Department of statistics Malaysia. Population and housing census of Malaysia 2020 (2020). ; https://govdocs.sinarproject.org/documents/department-of-statistics/population-and-housing-census-of-malaysia-2020. Accessed 06 February 2026.
Department of statistics Malaysia. Population distribution and basic demographic characteristic report 2010 (2010). ; https://mycensus.gov.my/index.php/census-product/publication/census-2010/659-population-distribution-and-basic-demographic-characteristics-2010. Accessed 06 February 2026.
Austin, P. C., Escobar, M., & Kopec, J. A. (2000). The use of the Tobit model for analyzing measures of health status. Quality Of Life Research, 9(8), 901–910.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pullenayegum, E. M., Tarride, J. E., Xie, F., Goeree, R., Gerstein, H. C., & O’Reilly, D. (2010). Analysis of health utility data when some subjects attain the upper bound of 1: Are Tobit and CLAD models appropriate? Value Health Jun-Jul, 13(4), 487–494.
Basu, A., & Manca, A. (2012). Regression estimators for generic health-related quality of life and quality-adjusted life years. Med Decis Making Jan-Feb, 32(1), 56–69.
Stata Statistical Software [computer program]. Version release 19. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC; (2025).
Wang, P., Liu, G. G., Jo, M. W., et al. (2019). Valuation of EQ-5D-5L health states: A comparison of seven Asian populations. Expert Rev Pharmacoecon Outcomes Res Aug, 19(4), 445–451.
Cheng, L. J., Pan, T., Chen, L. A. (2024). The ceiling effects of EQ-5D-3L and 5L in general population health surveys: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Value Health. /07/01/ 2024;27(7):986–997.
Institute for Public Health. National Health and Morbidity Survey (2019). : Non-communicable diseases, healthcare demand, and health literacy—Key findings. 2020; https://iku.gov.my/images/IKU/Document/REPORT/NHMS2019/NHMS2019Infographic.pdf. Accessed 06 February 2026.
Abdin, E., Subramaniam, M., Vaingankar, J. A., Luo, N., & Chong, S. A. (2015). Population norms for the EQ-5D index scores using Singapore preference weights. Qual Life Res Jun, 24(6), 1545–1553.
Makovski, T. T., Schmitz, S., Zeegers, M. P., Stranges, S., & van den Akker, M. (2019). Multimorbidity and quality of life: Systematic literature review and meta-analysis. Ageing Res Rev Aug, 53, 100903.
Wan Puteh, S. E., Razali, H., Ismail, A., & Zulkifli, M. (2024). Health status based on EQ-5D-5L for the cancer patient population in Malaysia. Sci Rep Apr, 8(1), 8152.
Shafie, A. A., Chandriah, H., Yong, Y. V., & Wan Puteh, S. E. (2019). Health technology assessment and its use in drug policy in Malaysia. Value Health Reg Issues, 2019/05(01/), 18:145–150.
van Hout, B., Janssen, M. F., Feng, Y. S., et al. (2012). Interim scoring for the EQ-5D-5L: Mapping the EQ-5D-5L to EQ-5D-3L value sets. Value Health Jul-Aug, 15(5), 708–715.
Johnson, J. A., Janssen, M. F., Al Sayah, F., et al. (2025). EuroQol data for assessment of population health needs and instrument evaluation (EQ-DAPHNIE): A study for enhancing population health assessment. Qual Life Res Dec, 34(12), 3321–3334.
Comments (0)