Albano GD, Montalbano AM, Gagliardo R, Anzalone G, Profita M (2022) Impact of air pollution in airway diseases: role of epithelial cells. Int J Mol Sci 23:2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052799

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bluhmki T, Bitzer S, Gindele JA, Schruf E, Kiechle T, Webster M, Schymeinsky J, Ries R, Gantner F, Bischoff D, Garnett J, Heilker R (2020) Development of a miniaturized 96-transwell air–liquid interface human small airway epithelial model. Sci Rep 10:13022. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-69948-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Crystal RG, Randell SH, Engelhardt JF, Voynow J, Sunday ME (2008) Airway epithelial cells: current concepts and challenges. Proc Am Thorac Soc 5:772–777. https://doi.org/10.1513/pats.200805-041HR

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Faber SC, McCullough SD (2018) Through the looking glass: in vitro models for inhalation toxicology and interindividual variability in the airway. Appl In Vitro Toxicol 4:115–128. https://doi.org/10.1089/aivt.2018.0002

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang S, Boda B, Vernaz J, Ferreira E, Wiszniewski L (2017) Establishment and characterization of an in vitro human small airway model (SmallAir™). Eur J Pharm Biopharm 118:68–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2016.12.006

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lacroix G, Koch W, Ritter D, Gutleb AC, Larsen ST, Loret T, Zanetti F, Constant S, Chortarea S, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Hiemstra PS, Frejafon E, Hubert P, Gribaldo L, Kearns P, Aublant JM, Diabaté S, Weiss C, de Groot A, Kooter I (2018) Air–liquid interface in vitro models for respiratory toxicology research: consensus workshop and recommendations. Appl In Vitro Toxicol 4:91–106. https://doi.org/10.1089/aivt.2017.0034

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin H, Li H, Cho HJ, Bian S, Roh HJ, Lee MK, Kim JS, Chung SJ, Shim CK, Kim DD (2007) Air–liquid interface culture of human bronchial epithelial monolayers as an in vitro model for airway drug transport. J Pharm Sci 96:341–350. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20803

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Prescott RA, Pankow AP, de Vries M, Crosse KM, Patel RS, Alu M, Loomis C, Torres V, Koralov SB, Ivanova E, Dittmann M, Rosenberg BR (2023) Comparative study of in vitro ALI culture models evaluating cellular heterogeneity and gene expression at single-cell resolution. Respir Res 24:213. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12931-023-02514-2

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Silva S, Bicker J, Falcão A, Fortuna A (2023) Air–liquid interface impact on different respiratory cell cultures. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 184:62–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpb.2023.01.013

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wiese-Rischke C, Murkar RS, Walles H (2021) Biological models of the lower human airways—challenges and special requirements of human 3D barrier models. Pharmaceutics 13:2115

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar