Baselli GA, Jamialahmadi O, Pelusi S, Ciociola E, Malvestiti F, Saracino M, Santoro L, Cherubini A, Dongiovanni P, Maggioni M, Bianco C, Tavaglione F, Cespiati A, Mancina RM, D’Ambrosio R, Vaira V, Petta S, Miele L, Vespasiani-Gentilucci U, Federico A, Pihlajamaki J, Bugianesi E, Fracanzani AL, Reeves HL, Soardo G, Prati D, Romeo S, Valenti LV (2022) Rare ATG7 genetic variants predispose patients to severe fatty liver disease. J Hepatol 77:596–606

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao P, Wang Y, Zhang C, Sullivan MA, Chen W, Jing X, Yu H, Li F, Wang Q, Zhou Z, Wang Q, Tian W, Qiu Z, Luo L (2023) Quercetin ameliorates nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) via the promotion of AMPK-mediated hepatic mitophagy. J Nutr Biochem 120:109414

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chang BY, Kim I, Park H, Kim S, Kim SY (2025) Protective role of ginsenoside F1-enriched extract (SGB121) in metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD). Nutrients 17(23):3693. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233693

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chen CL, Lin YC (2022) Autophagy dysregulation in metabolic associated fatty liver disease: a new therapeutic target. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms231710055

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cheng D, Zhang M, Zheng Y, Wang M, Gao Y, Wang X, Liu X, Lv W, Zeng X, Belosludtsev KN, Su J, Zhao L, Liu J (2024) α-Ketoglutarate prevents hyperlipidemia-induced fatty liver mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress by activating the AMPK-pgc-1α/Nrf2 pathway. Redox Biol 74:103230

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Czaja MJ (2016) Function of autophagy in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 61:1304–1313

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gong P, Long H, Guo Y, Wang Z, Yao W, Wang J, Yang W, Li N, Xie J, Chen F (2024) Chinese herbal medicines: the modulator of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease targeting oxidative stress. J Ethnopharmacol 318:116927

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guo X, Yin X, Liu Z, Wang J (2022) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) pathogenesis and natural products for prevention and treatment. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms232415489

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hou J, Yun Y, Jeon B, Baek J, Kim S (2023) Ginsenoside F1-mediated telomere preservation delays cellular senescence. Int J Mol Sci 24(18):14241. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814241

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jiang X, Fulte S, Deng F, Chen S, Xie Y, Chao X, He XC, Zhang Y, Li T, Li F, McCoin C, Morris EM, Thyfault J, Liu W, Li L, Davidson NO, Ding WX, Ni HM (2022) Lack of VMP1 impairs hepatic lipoprotein secretion and promotes non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 77:619–631

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin W, Jin Y, Hu X, Huang E, Zhu Q (2021) AMPK/PGC-1α/GLUT4-mediated effect of icariin on hyperlipidemia-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and lipid metabolism disorder in mice. Biochemistry (Mosc) 86:1407–1417

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu W, Mei J, Yang J, Wu Z, Liu J, Miao P, Chen Y, Wen Z, Zhao Z, Kong H, Wu C, Yang Y, Chen M (2020a) ApoE deficiency promotes non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in mice via impeding AMPK/mTOR mediated autophagy. Life Sci 252:117601

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lu Z, Li Y, Syn WK, Wang Z, Lopes-Virella MF, Lyons TJ, Huang Y (2020b) Amitriptyline inhibits nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and atherosclerosis induced by high-fat diet and LPS through modulation of sphingolipid metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 318:E131–E144

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo C, Sun H, Peng J, Gao C, Bao L, Ji R, Zhang C, Zhu W, Jin Y (2021) Rosmarinic acid exerts an antagonistic effect on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by regulating the YAP1/TAZ-PPARγ/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Phytother Res 35:1010–1022

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nasiri-Ansari N, Nikolopoulou C, Papoutsi K, Kyrou I, Mantzoros CS, Kyriakopoulos G, Chatzigeorgiou A, Kalotychou V, Randeva MS, Chatha K, Kontzoglou K, Kaltsas G, Papavassiliou AG, Randeva HS, Kassi E (2021) Empagliflozin attenuates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in high fat diet fed ApoE((-/-)) mice by activating autophagy and reducing ER stress and apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22020818

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Powell EE, Wong VW, Rinella M (2021) Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet 397:2212–2224

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ren Q, Sun Q, Fu J (2024) Dysfunction of autophagy in high-fat diet-induced non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Autophagy 20:221–241

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rinella M, Charlton M (2016) The globalization of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: prevalence and impact on world health. Hepatology 64:19–22

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shao M, Chen J, Zhang F, Su Q, Lin X, Wang W, Chen C, Ren H, Zheng S, Hui S, Qin S, Ni Y, Zhong J, Yang J (2024) 4-octyl itaconate attenuates renal tubular injury in db/db mice by activating Nrf2 and promoting PGC-1α-mediated mitochondrial biogenesis. Ren Fail 46:2403653

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shen B, Wang Y, Cheng J, Peng Y, Zhang Q, Li Z, Zhao L, Deng X, Feng H (2023) Pterostilbene alleviated NAFLD via AMPK/mTOR signaling pathways and autophagy by promoting Nrf2. Phytomedicine 109:154561

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shen Q, Yang M, Wang S, Chen X, Chen S, Zhang R, Xiong Z, Leng Y (2024) The pivotal role of dysregulated autophagy in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 15:1374644

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi W, An L, Zhang J, Li J (2021) Periplaneta americana extract ameliorates lipopolysaccharide-induced liver injury by improving mitochondrial dysfunction via the AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 22:1138

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vallianou N, Christodoulatos GS, Karampela I, Tsilingiris D, Magkos F, Stratigou T, Kounatidis D, Dalamaga M (2021) Understanding the role of the gut microbiome and microbial metabolites in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: current evidence and perspectives. Biomolecules. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom12010056

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang X, Wang J, Ying C, Xing Y, Su X, Men K (2024) Fenofibrate alleviates NAFLD by enhancing the PPARα/PGC-1α signaling pathway coupling mitochondrial function. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 25:7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wen F, Shi Z, Liu X, Tan Y, Wei L, Zhu X, Zhang H, Zhu X, Meng X, Ji W, Yang M, Lu Z (2021) Acute elevated resistin exacerbates mitochondrial damage and aggravates liver steatosis through AMPK/PGC-1α signaling pathway in male NAFLD mice. Horm Metab Res 53:132–144

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wu X, Poulsen KL, Sanz-Garcia C, Huang E, McMullen MR, Roychowdhury S, Dasarathy S, Nagy LE (2020) MLKL-dependent signaling regulates autophagic flux in a murine model of non-alcohol-associated fatty liver and steatohepatitis. J Hepatol 73:616–627

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wu YC, Yan Q, Yue SQ, Pan LX, Yang DS, Tao LS, Wei ZY, Rong F, Qian C, Han MQ, Zuo FC, Yang JF, Xu JJ, Shi ZR, Du J, Chen ZL, Xu T (2024) NUP85 alleviates lipid metabolism and inflammation by regulating PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Int J Biol Sci 20:2219–2235

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yan LS, Zhang SF, Luo G, Cheng BC, Zhang C, Wang YW, Qiu XY, Zhou XH, Wang QG, Song XL, Pan SY, Zhang Y (2022) Schisandrin B mitigates hepatic steatosis and promotes fatty acid oxidation by inducing autophagy through AMPK/mTOR signalin