Ajmone-Cat MA, Bernardo A, Greco A, Minghetti L (2010) Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and Brain Inflammation: Effects on Microglial Functions. Pharmaceuticals 3:1949–1965. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph3061949

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Balakrishnan R, Park J-Y, Cho D-Y et al (2023) AD – 1 Small Molecule Improves Learning and Memory Function in Scopolamine-Induced Amnesic Mice Model through Regulation of CREB/BDNF and NF-κB/MAPK Signaling Pathway. Antioxidants 12:648. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox12030648

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barrientos RM, Frank MG, Hein AM et al (2009) Time course of hippocampal IL-1 β and memory consolidation impairments in aging rats following peripheral infection. Brain Behav Immun 23:46–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2008.07.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen L, Na R, Boldt E, Ran Q (2015) NLRP3 inflammasome activation by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species plays a key role in long-term cognitive impairment induced by paraquat exposure. Neurobiol Aging 36:2533–2543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.05.018

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheon SY, Koo B-N, Kim SY et al (2021) Scopolamine promotes neuroinflammation and delirium-like neuropsychiatric disorder in mice. Sci Rep 11:8376. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-87790-y

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Colita E, Mateescu VO, Olaru D-G, Popa-Wagner A (2024) Cognitive Decline in Ageing and Disease: Risk factors, Genetics and Treatments. Curr Health Sci J 50:170–180. https://doi.org/10.12865/CHSJ.50.02.02

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Daniels MJD, Rivers-Auty J, Schilling T et al (2016) Fenamate NSAIDs inhibit the NLRP3 inflammasome and protect against Alzheimer’s disease in rodent models. Nat Commun 7:12504. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms12504

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dehlaghi Jadid K, Davidsson J, Lidin E et al (2019) COX-2 Inhibition by Diclofenac Is Associated With Decreased Apoptosis and Lesion Area After Experimental Focal Penetrating Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats. Front Neurol 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00811

Dekens DW, Naudé PJW, Keijser JN et al (2018) Lipocalin 2 contributes to brain iron dysregulation but does not affect cognition, plaque load, and glial activation in the J20 Alzheimer mouse model. J Neuroinflammation 15:330. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1372-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dempsey C, Rubio Araiz A, Bryson KJ et al (2017) Inhibiting the NLRP3 inflammasome with MCC950 promotes non-phlogistic clearance of amyloid-β and cognitive function in APP/PS1 mice. Brain Behav Immun 61:306–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2016.12.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ebrahimi T, Rust M, Kaiser SN et al (2018) α1-antitrypsin mitigates NLRP3-inflammasome activation in amyloid β1–42-stimulated murine astrocytes. J Neuroinflammation 15:282. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12974-018-1319-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fang Y, Guo H, Wang Q et al (2022) The role and mechanism of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated astrocyte activation in dehydrocorydaline against CUMS-induced depression. Front Pharmacol 13. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.1008249

Ferreira A (2013) Lipocalin-2 is involved in emotional behaviors and cognitive function. Front Cell Neurosci 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2013.00122

Gao J, He H, Jiang W et al (2015) Salidroside ameliorates cognitive impairment in a d-galactose-induced rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Behav Brain Res 293:27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2015.06.045

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Giovannoni F, Quintana FJ (2020) The Role of Astrocytes in CNS Inflammation. Trends Immunol 41:805–819. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.it.2020.07.007

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guo C, Li W, Liu Y et al (2025) LCN2 induces neuronal loss and facilitates sepsis-associated cognitive impairments. Cell Death Dis 16:146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41419-025-07469-4

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hale JM, Schneider DC, Gampe J et al (2020) Trends in the Risk of Cognitive Impairment in the United States, 1996–2014. Epidemiology 31:745–754. https://doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000001219

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hein AM, Stasko MR, Matousek SB et al (2010) Sustained hippocampal IL-1β overexpression impairs contextual and spatial memory in transgenic mice. Brain Behav Immun 24:243–253. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbi.2009.10.002

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hua K, Chou J, Ka S et al (2015) Cyclooxygenase-2 Regulates NLRP3 Inflammasome‐Derived IL‐1β Production. J Cell Physiol 230:863–874. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcp.24815

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jung B-K, Ryu K-Y (2023) Lipocalin-2: a therapeutic target to overcome neurodegenerative diseases by regulating reactive astrogliosis. Exp Mol Med 55:2138–2146. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-023-01098-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kakita H, Aoyama M, Hussein MH et al (2009) Diclofenac enhances proinflammatory cytokine-induced nitric oxide production through NF-κB signaling in cultured astrocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 238:56–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2009.04.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang SS, Ren Y, Liu C-C et al (2018) Lipocalin-2 protects the brain during inflammatory conditions. Mol Psychiatry 23:344–350. https://doi.org/10.1038/mp.2016.243

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kang H, Shin HJ, An HS et al (2021) Role of Lipocalin-2 in Amyloid-Beta Oligomer-Induced Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. Antioxidants 10:1657. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox10111657

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kelley N, Jeltema D, Duan Y, He Y (2019) The NLRP3 Inflammasome: An Overview of Mechanisms of Activation and Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 20:3328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20133328

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim B-W, Jeong KH, Kim J-H et al (2016) Pathogenic Upregulation of Glial Lipocalin-2 in the Parkinsonian Dopaminergic System. J Neurosci 36:5608–5622. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4261-15.2016

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim J-H, Kwon O, Bhusal A et al (2022) Neuroinflammation Induced by Transgenic Expression of Lipocalin-2 in Astrocytes. Front Cell Neurosci 16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2022.839118

Kim J, Yoo ID, Lim J, Moon J-S (2024) Pathological phenotypes of astrocytes in Alzheimer’s disease. Exp Mol Med 56:95–99. https://doi.org/10.1038/s12276-023-01148-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee MY, Campomayor NB, Kim HJ, Kim M (2025) Hippocampal MCT4 as a key regulator in excessive exercise-induced cognitive impairment: involvement of neuroinflammation. Genes Genomics 47:717–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13258-025-01642-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Leo D, Sukhanov I, Zoratto F et al (2018) Pronounced hyperactivity, cognitive dysfunctions, and BDNF dysregulation in dopamine transporter knock-out rats. J Neurosci 38:1959–1972. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1931-17.2018

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li J-M, Hu T, Zhou X-N et al (2023a) The involvement of NLRP3 inflammasome in CUMS-induced AD-like pathological changes and related cognitive decline in mice. J Neuroinflammation 20:112.