W.X. has received advisory board fees from Eisai, Exelixis, Jazz Pharmaceuticals and Xencor; consulting fees from AVEO Oncology, Calico, Celdara, Deciphera and Merck; and research support (paid to his institution) from Arcus Biosciences, Arsenal Biosciences, Merck and OncoHost, all outside the scope of this work. T.K.C. reports institutional and/or personal support, paid and/or unpaid, for research, advisory boards, consultancy and/or honoraria, within the past 10 years, ongoing or not, from Alkermes, Aravive, Arcus Biosciences, AstraZeneca, AVEO Oncology, Bayer, Bicycle Therapeutics, Bristol Myers Squibb, Calithera Biosciences, Caris Life Sciences, Circle Pharma, Deciphera Pharmaceuticals, Eisai, Eli Lilly, EMD Serono, Exelixis, GlaxoSmithKline, Gilead Sciences, HiberCell, Infinity Pharmaceuticals, Institut Servier, Ipsen, IQVIA, Janssen, Kanaph Therapeutics, Merck, Neomorph, Nikang Therapeutics, Novartis, Nuscan/PrecedeBio, OncoHost, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi-Aventis, Scholar Rock, Surface Oncology, Takeda, Tempest Therapeutics, UpToDate and Xencor, outside this work. T.K.C. has also received support related to continuing medical education (CME) and non-CME educational activities from organizations including Clinical Care Options, Mashup Media, MJH Life Sciences, OncLive and Peerview); is named on filed institutional patents related to molecular alterations and immunotherapy response and toxicity, rare genitourinary cancers, and circulating tumour DNA and liquid biopsy technologies; holds equity in Abalytics, CureResponse, Faron Pharmaceuticals, InnDura Therapeutics, Osel, Precede Bio, Pionyr, Primium and Tempest Therapeutics; has served on committees for Academic and Community Cancer Research United, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (board of directors from June 2024), the European Society for Medical Oncology, KidneyCAN, the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and the US National Cancer Institute (Genitourinary Cancers Steering Committee). The Dana–Farber Cancer Institute might have received additional independent funding or royalties from pharmaceutical companies related to research in the subject area of this Comment. J.V.B reports consultancy roles for Praxis, Merck and Sarepta; holds equity in Autonomous Medical Devices, Medibeacon and Renalytix; is on the C-Path Biomarker Data Repository Oversight Committee; and is named on has patents related to KIM-1 assigned to Mass General Brigham Health Care.