Bray, F. et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J. Clin. 74, 229–263 (2024).
Pabla, B. S., Shah, S. C., Corral, J. E. & Morgan, D. R. Increased incidence and mortality of gastric cancer in immigrant populations from high to low regions of incidence: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 18, 347–359.e5 (2020).
Petrillo, A. & Smyth, E. C. 27 years of stomach cancer: painting a global picture. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 5, 5–6 (2020).
Rumgay, H. et al. International trends in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma incidence. Am. J. Gastroenterol. 116, 1072–1076 (2021).
Ben-Aharon, I. et al. Early-onset cancer in the gastrointestinal tract is on the rise-evidence and implications. Cancer Discov. 13, 538–551 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lumish, M. A. et al. Clinical and molecular characteristics of early-onset vs average-onset esophagogastric cancer. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 116, 299–308 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Qu, X. et al. The clinicopathological characteristics of early-onset gastric cancer and its evolutionary trends: a retrospective study. Am. J. Cancer Res. 12, 2757–2769 (2022).
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Pan, K. F. et al. Gastric cancer prevention by community eradication of Helicobacter pylori: a cluster-randomized controlled trial. Nat. Med. 30, 3250–3260 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
National Cancer Institute. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Cancer Statistics Review. NCI https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/stomach.html and https://seer.cancer.gov/statfacts/html/esoph.html (2026).
National Oesophago-Gastric Cancer Audit. State of the Nation Report 2025. NOGCA https://www.natcan.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/NOGCA-State-of-the-Nation-Report-September-2025-Version-2.pdf (2025).
Cancer Statistics In Japan 2025. https://ganjoho.jp/public/qa_links/report/statistics/pdf/cancer_statistics_2025_fig_E.pdf (2025).
Chen, Y. et al. The current landscape of gastric cancer and gastroesophageal junction cancer diagnosis and treatment in China: a comprehensive nationwide cohort analysis. J. Hematol. Oncol. 18, 42 (2025).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Medical Research Council Oesophageal Cancer Working Group. Surgical resection with or without preoperative chemotherapy in oesophageal cancer: a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 359, 1727–1733 (2002).
Allum, W. H., Stenning, S. P., Bancewicz, J., Clark, P. I. & Langley, R. E. Long-term results of a randomized trial of surgery with or without preoperative chemotherapy in esophageal cancer. J. Clin. Oncol. 27, 5062–5067 (2009).
Cunningham, D. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy versus surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 355, 11–20 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Alderson, D. et al. Neoadjuvant cisplatin and fluorouracil versus epirubicin, cisplatin, and capecitabine followed by resection in patients with oesophageal adenocarcinoma (UK MRC OE05): an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 18, 1249–1260 (2017).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ychou, M. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy compared with surgery alone for resectable gastroesophageal adenocarcinoma: an FNCLCC and FFCD multicenter phase III trial. J. Clin. Oncol. 29, 1715–1721 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Al-Batran, S. E. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy with fluorouracil plus leucovorin, oxaliplatin, and docetaxel versus fluorouracil or capecitabine plus cisplatin and epirubicin for locally advanced, resectable gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma (FLOT4): a randomised, phase 2/3 trial. Lancet 393, 1948–1957 (2019).
Obermannová, R. et al. Gastric cancer: ESMO clinical practice guideline for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Ann. Oncol. 35, 673–690 (2024).
Sakuramoto, S. et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy for gastric cancer with S-1, an oral fluoropyrimidine. N. Engl. J. Med. 357, 1810–1820 (2007).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Noh, S. H. et al. Adjuvant capecitabine plus oxaliplatin for gastric cancer after D2 gastrectomy (CLASSIC): 5-year follow-up of an open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 15, 1389–1396 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Park, S. H. et al. Phase III trial to compare adjuvant chemotherapy with capecitabine and cisplatin versus concurrent chemoradiotherapy in gastric cancer: final report of the adjuvant chemoradiotherapy in stomach tumors trial, including survival and subset analyses. J. Clin. Oncol. 33, 3130–3136 (2015).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kakeji, Y. et al. Three-year outcomes of a randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant chemotherapy with S-1 plus docetaxel versus S-1 alone in stage III gastric cancer: JACCRO GC-07. Gastric Cancer 25, 188–196 (2022).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Park, S. H. et al. A randomized phase III trial comparing adjuvant single-agent S1, S-1 with oxaliplatin, and postoperative chemoradiation with S-1 and oxaliplatin in patients with node-positive gastric cancer after D2 resection: the ARTIST 2 trial. Ann. Oncol. 32, 368–374 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kang, Y. K. et al. Neoadjuvant docetaxel, oxaliplatin, and S-1 plus surgery and adjuvant S-1 for resectable advanced gastric cancer: updated overall survival outcomes from phase III PRODIGY. J. Clin. Oncol. 42, 2961–2965 (2024).
Zhang, X. et al. Perioperative or postoperative adjuvant oxaliplatin with S-1 versus adjuvant oxaliplatin with capecitabine in patients with locally advanced gastric or gastro-oesophageal junction adenocarcinoma undergoing D2 gastrectomy (RESOLVE): final report of a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 26, 312–319 (2025).
Macdonald, J. S. et al. Chemoradiotherapy after surgery compared with surgery alone for adenocarcinoma of the stomach or gastroesophageal junction. N. Engl. J. Med. 345, 725–730 (2001).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Smalley, S. R. et al. Updated analysis of SWOG-directed intergroup study 0116: a phase III trial of adjuvant radiochemotherapy versus observation after curative gastric cancer resection. J. Clin. Oncol. 30, 2327–2333 (2012).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cats, A. et al. Chemotherapy versus chemoradiotherapy after surgery and preoperative chemotherapy for resectable gastric cancer (CRITICS): an international, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 19, 616–628 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
de Steur, W. O. et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy is superior to chemoradiation after D2 surgery for gastric cancer in the per-protocol analysis of the randomized CRITICS trial. Ann. Oncol. 32, 360–367 (2021).
van Hagen, P. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for esophageal or junctional cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 366, 2074–2084 (2012).
Shapiro, J. et al. Neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy plus surgery versus surgery alone for oesophageal or junctional cancer (CROSS): long-term results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet Oncol. 16, 1090–1098 (2015).
Hoeppner, J. et al. Perioperative chemotherapy or preoperative chemoradiotherapy in esophageal cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 392, 323–335 (2025).
Hoeppner, J. et al. Recurrence patterns of esophageal adenocarcinoma in the phase III ESOPEC trial comparing perioperative chemotherapy with preoperative chemoradiotherapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 43, 3451–3456 (2025).
Leong, T. et al. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy for resectable gastric cancer. N. Engl. J. Med. 391, 1810–1821 (2024).
Comments (0)