Emmerich SD, Fryar CD, Stierman B, Ogden CL. Obesity and severe obesity prevalence in adults: united States, August 2021-August 2023. NCHS Data Brief. 2024;(508). https://doi.org/10.15620/cdc/159281

GBD Adult BMI Collaborators. Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: a forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2025;405(10481):813–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Gadde KM, Martin CK, Berthoud HR, Heymsfield SB. Obesity: pathophysiology and management. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(1):69–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2017.11.011.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

GBD 2021 Diabetes Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2023;402(10397):203–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01301-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, Dent J. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2014;63(6):871–80. https://doi.org/10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nirwan JS, Hasan SS, Babar ZU, Conway BR, Ghori MU. Global prevalence and risk factors of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD): systematic review with meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2020;10(1):5814. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-62795-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Delshad SD, Almario CV, Chey WD, Spiegel BMR. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease and proton pump inhibitor-refractory symptoms. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(5):1250-61.e2. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2019.12.014.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sharara AI, Rustom LBO, Bou Daher H, Rimmani HH, Shayto RH, Minhem M, et al. Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux and risk factors for erosive esophagitis in obese patients considered for bariatric surgery. Dig Liver Dis. 2019;51(10):1375–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dld.2019.04.010.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Thalheimer A, Bueter M. Excess body weight and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Visc Med. 2021;37(4):267–72. https://doi.org/10.1159/000516050.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hampel H, Abraham NS, El-Serag HB. Meta-analysis: obesity and the risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease and its complications. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143(3):199–211. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-143-3-200508020-00006.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schlottmann F, Dreifuss NH, Patti MG. Obesity and esophageal cancer: GERD, Barrett´s esophagus, and molecular carcinogenic pathways. Expert Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;14(6):425–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/17474124.2020.1764348.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Anderson LA, Watson RG, Murphy SJ, Johnston BT, Comber H, Mc Guigan J, et al. Risk factors for barrett’s oesophagus and oesophageal adenocarcinoma: results from the FINBAR study. World J Gastroenterol. 2007;13(10):1585–94. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v13.i10.1585.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Singh S, Sharma AN, Murad MH, Buttar NS, El-Serag HB, Katzka DA, et al. Central adiposity is associated with increased risk of esophageal inflammation, metaplasia, and adenocarcinoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11(11):1399–e4127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cgh.2013.05.009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hoyo C, Cook MB, Kamangar F, Freedman ND, Whiteman DC, Bernstein L, et al. Body mass index in relation to oesophageal and oesophagogastric junction adenocarcinomas: a pooled analysis from the International BEACON Consortium. Int J Epidemiol. 2012;41(6):1706–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dys176.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun XM, Tan JC, Zhu Y, Lin L. Association between diabetes mellitus and gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21(10):3085–92. https://doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v21.i10.3085.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bertin L, Savarino V, Marabotto E, Ghisa M, de Bortoli N, Savarino EV. Pathophysiology Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Digestion. 2025;1–17. https://doi.org/10.1159/000547023.

Noh Y, Yin H, Yu OHY, Bitton A, Azoulay L. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk for gastroesophageal reflux disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: a population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2025;178(9):1268–78. https://doi.org/10.7326/annals-24-03420.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adams TD, Davidson LE, Litwin SE, Kim J, Kolotkin RL, Nanjee MN, et al. Weight and metabolic outcomes 12 years after gastric bypass. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(12):1143–55. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1700459.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Arterburn DE, Telem DA, Kushner RF, Courcoulas AP. Benefits and risks of bariatric surgery in adults: a review. JAMA. 2020;324(9):879–87. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2020.12567.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sjöström L, Peltonen M, Jacobson P, Ahlin S, Andersson-Assarsson J, Anveden Å, et al. Association of bariatric surgery with long-term remission of type 2 diabetes and with microvascular and macrovascular complications. JAMA. 2014;311(22):2297–304. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2014.5988.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mingrone G, Panunzi S, De Gaetano A, Guidone C, Iaconelli A, Capristo E, et al. Metabolic surgery versus conventional medical therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: 10-year follow-up of an open-label, single-centre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10271):293–304. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(20)32649-0.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schiavon CA, Bhatt DL, Ikeoka D, Santucci EV, Santos RN, Damiani LP, et al. Three-year outcomes of bariatric surgery in patients with obesity and hypertension : a randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med. 2020;173(9):685–93. https://doi.org/10.7326/m19-3781.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Heffron SP, Parikh A, Volodarskiy A, Ren-Fielding C, Schwartzbard A, Nicholson J, et al. Changes in lipid profile of obese patients following contemporary bariatric surgery: a meta-analysis. Am J Med. 2016;129(9):952–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.02.004.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Verrastro O, Panunzi S, Castagneto-Gissey L, De Gaetano A, Lembo E, Capristo E, et al. Bariatric-metabolic surgery versus lifestyle intervention plus best medical care in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (BRAVES): a multicentre, open-label, randomised trial. Lancet. 2023;401(10390):1786–97. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00634-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fisher DP, Johnson E, Haneuse S, Arterburn D, Coleman KJ, O’Connor PJ, et al. Association between bariatric surgery and macrovascular disease outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes and severe obesity. JAMA. 2018;320(15):1570–82. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2018.14619.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moussa O, Ardissino M, Heaton T, Tang A, Khan O, Ziprin P, et al. Effect of bariatric surgery on long-term cardiovascular outcomes: a nationwide nested cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(28):2660–7. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa069.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rubino F, Nathan DM, Eckel RH, Schauer PR, Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ, et al. Metabolic surgery in the treatment algorithm for type 2 diabetes: a joint statement by international diabetes organizations. Diabetes Care. 2016;39(6):861–77. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc16-0236.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Angrisani L, Santonicola A, Iovino P, Palma R, Kow L, Prager G, et al. IFSO worldwide survey 2020–2021: current trends for bariatric and metabolic procedures. Obes Surg. 2024;34(4):1075–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-024-07118-3.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

ASMBS. Estimate of bariatric surgery numbers, 2011–2023. https://asmbs.org/resources/estimate-of-bariatric-surgery-numbers/. Accessed 25 Nov 2025.

Mandeville Y, Van Looveren R, Vancoillie PJ, Verbeke X, Vandendriessche K, Vuylsteke P, et al. Moderating the enthusiasm of sleeve gastrectomy: up to fifty percent of reflux symptoms after ten years in a consecutive series of one hundred laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomies. Obes Surg. 2017;27(7):1797–803. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11695-017-2567-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Genco A, Soricelli E, Casella G, Maselli R, Castagneto-Gissey L, Di Lorenzo N, et al. Gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus after laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy: a possible, underestimated long-term complication. Surg Obes Relat Dis. 2017;13(4):568–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soard.2016.11.029.