Vogel B, et al. The Lancet women and cardiovascular disease Commission: reducing the global burden by 2030. Lancet. 2021;397(10292):2385–438.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kavousi M, et al. Prevalence and Prognostic Implications of Coronary Artery Calcification in Low-Risk Women: A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(20):2126–34.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

D’Agostino RB. Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment: Insights from Framingham. Glob Heart. 2013;8(1):11–23.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Razavi AC, et al. PREVENT Equations: A New Era in Cardiovascular Disease Risk Assessment. Circulation: Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2024;17(4):e010763.

Google Scholar 

Greenland P, Smith SC Jr, Grundy SM. Improving Coronary Heart Disease Risk Assessment in Asymptomatic People. Circulation. 2001;104(15):1863–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasupathy S, et al. Systematic review of patients presenting with suspected myocardial infarction and nonobstructive coronary arteries. Circulation. 2015;131(10):861–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arnett D.K., et al. 2019 ACC/AHA Guideline on the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(10):1376–414.

Lakoski SG, et al. Coronary artery calcium scores and risk for cardiovascular events in women classified as low risk based on Framingham risk score: the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis (MESA). Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(22):2437–42.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Greenland P, et al. Coronary Calcium Score and Cardiovascular Risk. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(4):434–47.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Abedin M, Tintut Y, Demer LL. Vascular calcification: mechanisms and clinical ramifications. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(7):1161–70.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wang EA, et al. Recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein induces bone formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1990;87(6):2220–4.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Katagiri T, Watabe T. Bone Morphogenetic Proteins. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol, 2016. 8(6).

Batty M, Bennett MR, Yu E. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Atherosclerosis. Cells, 2022. 11(23).

Demer LL, Tintut Y. Vascular calcification: pathobiology of a multifaceted disease. Circulation. 2008;117(22):2938–48.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson RC, Leopold JA, Loscalzo J. Vascular calcification: pathobiological mechanisms and clinical implications. Circ Res. 2006;99(10):1044–59.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Watson KE, et al. TGF-beta 1 and 25-hydroxycholesterol stimulate osteoblast-like vascular cells to calcify. J Clin Invest. 1994;93(5):2106–13.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jono S, et al. Phosphate regulation of vascular smooth muscle cell calcification. Circ Res. 2000;87(7):E10–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jono S, et al. 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 increases in vitro vascular calcification by modulating secretion of endogenous parathyroid hormone-related peptide. Circulation. 1998;98(13):1302–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moss DW, et al. Association of inorganic-pyrophosphatase activity with human alkaline-phosphatase preparations. Biochem J. 1967;102(1):53–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johnson K, et al. Chondrogenesis Mediated by PPi Depletion Promotes Spontaneous Aortic Calcification in NPP1–/– Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005;25(4):686–91.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mohler ER 3, et al. Bone formation and inflammation in cardiac valves. Circulation. 2001;103(11):1522–8.

Lerman DA, Prasad S, Alotti N. Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Eur Cardiol. 2015;10(2):108–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sega VD. F., Cardiac Calcifications: Phenotypes, Mechanisms, Clinical and Prognostic Implications. Biology (Basel), 2022. 11(3).

Zhu D, et al. Extragonadal Effects of Follicle-Stimulating Hormone on Osteoporosis and Cardiovascular Disease in Women during Menopausal Transition. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2018;29(8):571–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nakao J, et al. Low serum estradiol levels in subjects with arterial calcification. Atherosclerosis. 1979;34(4):469–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao D, et al. Endogenous Sex Hormones and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Post-Menopausal Women. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;71(22):2555–66.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Calderon-Margalit R, Arteriosclerosis, et al. Thromb Vascular Biology. 2014;34(12):2688–94.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Osako MK, et al. Estrogen inhibits vascular calcification via vascular RANKL system: common mechanism of osteoporosis and vascular calcification. Circ Res. 2010;107(4):466–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crump C, et al. Adverse pregnancy outcomes and long term risk of ischemic heart disease in mothers: national cohort and co-sibling study. BMJ. 2023;380:e072112.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Honigberg MC, et al. Association of Premature Natural and Surgical Menopause With Incident Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA. 2019;322(24):2411–21.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ogunmoroti O, et al. Multiparity is associated with poorer cardiovascular health among women from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2019;221(6):e6311–63116.

Article  Google Scholar 

Humphries KH, et al. Parity and carotid artery atherosclerosis in elderly women: The Rotterdam Study. Stroke. 2001;32(10):2259–64.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li W, et al. Parity and risk of maternal cardiovascular disease: A dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26(6):592–602.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sanghavi M, et al. Association between number of live births and markers of subclinical atherosclerosis: The Dallas Heart Study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2016;23(4):391–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

El Khoudary SR et al. Postmenopausal Women With Greater Paracardial Fat Have More Coronary Artery Calcification Than Premenopausal Women: The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation (SWAN) Cardiovascular Fat Ancillary Study. J Am Heart Assoc, 2017. 6(2).

El Khoudary SR, et al. Endogenous sex hormones impact the progression of subclinical atherosclerosis in women during the menopausal transition. Atherosclerosis. 2012;225(1):180–6.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parikh NI, et al. Adverse Pregnancy Outcomes and Cardiovascular Disease Risk: Unique Opportunities for Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Women: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(18):e902–16.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sabour S, et al. High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy and Coronary Calcification. Hypertension. 2007;49(4):813–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed