Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;74(3):229–63. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834.

Article  Google Scholar 

Global cancer burden growing, amidst mounting need for services. Saudi Med J. 2024;45(3):326–7.

Li L, Zhu H, Chen J, Shan L, Xu J. Intervention strategies for cancer-related sarcopenia: a scoping review. Front Nutr. 2025;12:1666547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2025.1666547.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun Q, Jiang X, Qin R, et al. Sarcopenia among older patients with cancer: a scoping review of the literature. J Geriatr Oncol. 2022;13(7):924–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2022.03.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bozzetti F. Age-related and cancer-related sarcopenia: is there a difference? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2024;27(5):410–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000001033.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Arends J, Strasser F, Gonella S, et al. Cancer cachexia in adult patients: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines☆. ESMO Open. 2021;6(3):100092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100092.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kiss N, Loeliger J, Findlay M, et al. Clinical Oncology Society of Australia: position statement on cancer-related malnutrition and sarcopenia. Nutr Diet. 2020;77(4):416–25. https://doi.org/10.1111/1747-0080.12631.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jang MK, Park S, Jeon JY, et al. Evaluating the effects of a resistance exercise intervention for sarcopenia in patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy for breast cancer: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Cancer. 2025;25(1):1296. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-025-14721-9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang J, Tan S, Wu G. Oral nutritional supplements, physical activity, and sarcopenia in cancer. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care. 2021;24(3):223–8. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000736.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Papadopetraki A, Giannopoulos A, Maridaki M, et al. The role of exercise in cancer-related sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity. Cancers (Basel). 2023;15(24):5856. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers15245856.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aromataris E, Fernandez R, Godfrey CM, Holly C, Khalil H, Tungpunkom P. Summarizing systematic reviews: methodological development, conduct and reporting of an umbrella review approach. Int J Evid Based Healthc. 2015;13(3):132–40. https://doi.org/10.1097/XEB.0000000000000055.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2020;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n71.

Article  Google Scholar 

Methley AM, Campbell S, Chew-Graham C, McNally R, Cheraghi-Sohi S. PICO, PICOS and SPIDER: a comparison study of specificity and sensitivity in three search tools for qualitative systematic reviews. BMC Health Serv Res. 2014;14(1):579. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-014-0579-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tan TW, Tan HL, Chung YC. Effectiveness of resistance training in preventing sarcopenia among breast cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Worldviews Evid Based Nurs. 2024;21(6):687–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/wvn.12756.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao A, Ferrucci LM, Caan BJ, Irwin ML. Effect of exercise on sarcopenia among cancer survivors: a systematic review. Cancers (Basel). 2022;14(3):786. https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers14030786.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee J. The effects of resistance training on muscular strength and hypertrophy in elderly cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sport Health Sci. 2022;11(2):194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jshs.2021.02.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu R, Gao XY, Wang L. Network meta-analysis of the intervention effects of different exercise measures on sarcopenia in cancer patients. BMC Public Health. 2024;24(1):1281. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18493-y.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Burke D, Brown M, O’Neill C, et al. The effect of lifestyle interventions on sarcopenia in advanced colorectal cancer: a systematic review. J Geriatr Oncol. 2025;16(1):102143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2024.102143.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cheema BS, Kilbreath SL, Fahey PP, Delaney GP, Atlantis E. Safety and efficacy of progressive resistance training in breast cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2014;148(2):249–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-3162-9.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Marcantei C, Couret A, King J, Mazeaud S, Armand A, Ennequin G. Effects of exercise training on muscle mass and physical function in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma after diagnosis: a systematic review. Dig Dis Sci. 2024;69(7):2667–80. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10620-024-08441-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez P, Newton RU, Taaffe DR, Winters-Stone K, Galvão DA, Buffart LM. Moderators of resistance-based exercise programs’ effect on sarcopenia-related measures in men with prostate cancer previously or currently undergoing androgen deprivation therapy: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Geriatr Oncol. 2023;14(5):101535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgo.2023.101535.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Koeppel M, Mathis K, Schmitz KH, Wiskemann J. Muscle hypertrophy in cancer patients and survivors via strength training. A meta-analysis and meta-regression. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2021;163:103371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103371.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clifford B, Koizumi S, Wewege MA, et al. The effect of resistance training on body composition during and after cancer treatment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med. 2021;51(12):2527–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40279-021-01542-6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu X, Xu X, Cheung DST, et al. The effects of exercise with or without dietary advice on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical functioning among older cancer survivors: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Cancer Surviv. 2024;18(5):1548–56. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-023-01396-z.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Padilha CS, Marinello PC, Galvão DA, et al. Evaluation of resistance training to improve muscular strength and body composition in cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy: a meta-analysis. J Cancer Surviv. 2017;11(3):339–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11764-016-0592-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jang MK, Park C, Tussing-Humphreys L, Fernhall B, Phillips S, Doorenbos AZ. The effectiveness of sarcopenia interventions for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Cancer Nurs. 2023;46(2):E81–90. https://doi.org/10.1097/NCC.0000000000000957.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lopez P, Galvão DA, Taaffe DR, et al. Resistance training in breast cancer patients undergoing primary treatment: a systematic review and meta-regression of exercise dosage. Breast Cancer. 2021;28(1):16–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12282-020-01147-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Loeliger J, Edbrooke L, Daly RM, et al. Development and Feasibility of an Inpatient Cancer-Related Sarcopenia Pathway at a Major Cancer Centre. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022;19(7):4038. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19074038.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar