Bryden DW, Tilghman JI, Hinds SR. 2nd. Blast-Related Traumatic Brain Injury: Current Concepts and Research Considerations. J Exp Neurosci. 2019;13:1179069519872213.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Maas AIR, Menon DK, Manley GT, Abrams M, Akerlund C, Andelic N, et al. Traumatic brain injury: progress and challenges in prevention, clinical care, and research. Lancet Neurol. 2022;21(11):1004–60.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ahmed S, Venigalla H, Mekala HM, Dar S, Hassan M, Ayub S. Traumatic Brain Injury and Neuropsychiatric Complications. Indian J Psychol Med. 2017;39(2):114–21.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hai T, Agimi Y, Deressa T, Haddad O. Mechanisms of Injury for Traumatic Brain Injury Among U.S. Military Service Members Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Mil Med. 2025;190(3–4):e830–7.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Abikenari M, Ha JH, Liu J, Ren A, Cho KB, Lim J, et al. The immunological landscape of traumatic brain injury: insights from pathophysiology to experimental models. Front Neurol. 2025;16:1668480.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gomez-Pinilla F, Myers SK. Traumatic brain injury from a peripheral axis perspective: Uncovering the roles of liver and adipose tissue in temperature regulation. Prog Neurobiol. 2025;247:102733.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Brown S, Hawker G, Beaton D, Colantonio A. Long-term musculoskeletal complaints after traumatic brain injury. Brain Inj. 2011;25(5):453–61.
Locher RJ, Lunnemann T, Garbe A, Schaser K, Schmidt-Bleek K, Duda G, et al. Traumatic brain injury and bone healing: radiographic and biomechanical analyses of bone formation and stability in a combined murine trauma model. J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact. 2015;15(4):309–15.
CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zhang W, Zou J, Zhang L. Bidirectional Interaction Between the Brain and Bone in Traumatic Brain Injury. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2025;12(31):e03149.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sullivan MP, Torres SJ, Mehta S, Ahn J. Heterotopic ossification after central nervous system trauma: A current review. Bone Joint Res. 2013;2(3):51–7.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang H, Cheng WX, Hu YP, Chen JH, Zheng ZT, Zhang P. Relationship between heterotopic ossification and traumatic brain injury: Why severe traumatic brain injury increases the risk of heterotopic ossification. J Orthop Translat. 2018;12:16–25.
Kalra S, Malik R, Singh G, Bhatia S, Al-Harrasi A, Mohan S, et al. Pathogenesis and management of traumatic brain injury (TBI): role of neuroinflammation and anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammopharmacology. 2022;30(4):1153–66.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kesavan C, Bajwa NM, Watt H, Mohan S. Growth Hormone Effects on Bone Loss-Induced by Mild Traumatic Brain Injury and/or Hind Limb Unloading. Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):18995.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Xia R, Peng H, Zhu X, Suolang W, Pambayi STL, Yang X, et al. Autonomic Nervous System in Bone Remodeling: From Mechanisms to Novel Therapies in Orthopedic Diseases. Orthop Surg. 2025;17(6):1561–76.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ma T, Liu J, Gao Z, Li Y, Lin J, Pang K, et al. Bone marrow-derived emergency monopoiesis drives brain-lung axis injury after traumatic brain injury via IL-1. J Neuroinflammation. 2025;22(1):262.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bajwa NM, Kesavan C, Mohan S. Long-term Consequences of Traumatic Brain Injury in Bone Metabolism. Front Neurol. 2018;9:115.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Haria JM, Singh NK, Kumar J, Jain SK, Pamidimarri D. Metabolic and endocrine dysfunctions in traumatic brain injury: Implications for cognitive recovery and therapeutic strategies. Behav Brain Res. 2025;493:115697.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang Y, Wan C, Deng L, Liu X, Cao X, Gilbert SR, et al. The hypoxia-inducible factor alpha pathway couples angiogenesis to osteogenesis during skeletal development. J Clin Invest. 2007;117(6):1616–26.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Salisbury E, Rodenberg E, Sonnet C, Hipp J, Gannon FH, Vadakkan TJ, et al. Sensory nerve induced inflammation contributes to heterotopic ossification. J Cell Biochem. 2011;112(10):2748–58.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Claes L, Recknagel S, Ignatius A. Fracture healing under healthy and inflammatory conditions. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2012;8(3):133–43.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu J, Gilreath N, Rozenfeld S, Caus S, Criddle S, Testa EJ, et al. Current Concepts in Neurogenic Heterotopic Ossification. R I Med J (2013). 2025;108(8):27-31.
Ippolito E, Formisano R, Farsetti P, Caterini R, Penta F. Excision for the treatment of periarticular ossification of the knee in patients who have a traumatic brain injury. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81(6):783–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yoon SY, Lim H, Cha JM, Lee SC, Lee JW. Risk Factors for Heterotopic Ossification in Traumatic Brain Injury: An Analysis of the Korean National Health Insurance Service Data. Yonsei Med J. 2025;66(9):582–9.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jin Z, Chen Z, Liang T, Liu W, Shan Z, Tan D, et al. Accelerated fracture healing accompanied with traumatic brain injury: A review of clinical studies, animal models and potential mechanisms. J Orthop Translat. 2025;50:71–84.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Al-Hassani A, Strandvik GF, El-Menyar A, Dhumale AR, Asim M, Ajaj A, et al. Functional Outcomes in Moderate-to-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury Survivors. J Emerg Trauma Shock. 2018;11(3):197–204.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Citta-Pietrolungo TJ, Alexander MA, Steg NL. Early detection of heterotopic ossification in young patients with traumatic brain injury. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1992;73(3):258–62.
Simonsen LL, Sonne-Holm S, Krasheninnikoff M, Engberg AW. Symptomatic heterotopic ossification after very severe traumatic brain injury in 114 patients: incidence and risk factors. Injury. 2007;38(10):1146–50.
Singh S, Morshed S, Motamedi D, Kidane J, Paul A, Hsiao EC, et al. Identification of Risk Factors in the Development of Heterotopic Ossification After Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2022;107(9):e3944–52.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shim DW, Hong H, Cho KC, Kim SH, Lee JW, Sung SY. Accelerated tibia fracture healing in traumatic brain injury in accordance with increased hematoma formation. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2022;23(1):1110.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Guo G, Gou Y, Jiang X, Wang S, Wang R, Liang C, et al. Long Non-coding RNAs in Traumatic Brain Injury Accelerated Fracture Healing. Front Surg. 2021;8:663377.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mollahosseini M, Ahmadirad H, Goujani R, Khorramdelazad H. The Association Between Traumatic Brain Injury and Accelerated Fracture Healing: A Study on the Effects of Growth Factors and Cytokines. J Mol Neurosci. 2021;71(1):162–8.
Comments (0)