Wu A-M, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of bone fractures in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2021;2(9):e580–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Dong Y, et al. Global incidence, prevalence, and disability of vertebral fractures: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Spine J. 2022;22(5):857–68.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Johnell O, Kanis J. An estimate of the worldwide prevalence and disability associated with osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2006;17(12):1726–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hallberg I, et al. Health-related quality of life after osteoporotic fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2004;15(10):834–41.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kapetanakis S, et al. Vertebroplasty and kyphoplasty in the management of osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures in elderly individuals: evaluation of the health-related quality of life. Eur J Translational Myology. 2024;34(3):12274.

Google Scholar 

Rodriguez AJ, et al. Pain, quality of life, and safety outcomes of kyphoplasty for vertebral compression fractures: report of a task force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2017;32(9):1935–44.

Article  Google Scholar 

Guyer RD, Patterson M, Ohnmeiss DD. Failed back surgery syndrome: diagnostic evaluation. JAAOS-Journal Am Acad Orthop Surg. 2006;14(9):534–43.

Article  Google Scholar 

Klazen CA, et al. Vertebroplasty versus conservative treatment in acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (Vertos II): an open-label randomised trial. Lancet. 2010;376(9746):1085–92.

Article  Google Scholar 

Firanescu CE et al. Vertebroplasty versus sham procedure for painful acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (VERTOS IV): randomised sham controlled clinical trial. BMJ, 2018. 361.

Firanescu CE, et al. predictive factors for sustained pain after (sub) acute osteoporotic vertebral fractures. combined results from the VERTOS II and VERTOS IV trial. Cardiovasc Interv Radiol. 2022;45(9):1314–21.

Article  Google Scholar 

Carli D, et al. Vertebroplasty versus active control intervention for chronic osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures: the VERTOS V randomized controlled trial. Radiology. 2023;308(1):e222535.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Doo T-H, et al. Clinical relevance of pain patterns in osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures. J Korean Med Sci. 2008;23(6):1005.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Smart KM, et al. The discriminative validity of nociceptive,peripheral neuropathic, and central sensitization as mechanisms-based classifications of musculoskeletal pain. Clin J Pain. 2011;27(8):655–63.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hodges PW, Danneels L. Changes in structure and function of the back muscles in low back pain: different time points, observations, and mechanisms. J Orthop sports Phys therapy. 2019;49(6):464–76.

Article  Google Scholar 

Catalano A, et al. Pain in osteoporosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic approach. Drugs Aging. 2017;34(10):755–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kanaya K, et al. Acid-sensing ion channel 3 or P2X2/3 is involved in the pain‐like behavior under a high bone turnover state in ovariectomized mice. J Orthop Res. 2016;34(4):566–73.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garcez DR, et al. Postural adjustments impairments in elderly people with chronic low back pain. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):4783.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoyt D, et al. Current concepts in the management of vertebral compression fractures. Curr Pain Headache Rep. 2020;24(5):16.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nasto LA, et al. Three generations of treatments for osteoporotic vertebral fractures: what is the evidence? Orthop Rev (Pavia). 2022;14(6):38609.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rauner M, et al. Osteoporosis treatment with anti-sclerostin antibodies—mechanisms of action and clinical application. J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):787.

Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ayers C, et al. Effectiveness and safety of treatments to prevent fractures in people with low bone mass or primary osteoporosis: a living systematic review and network meta-analysis for the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023;176(2):182–95.

Article  Google Scholar 

El-Tallawy SN, et al. Management of Musculoskeletal Pain: An Update with Emphasis on Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain. Pain Ther. 2021;10(1):181–209.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Tao R, et al. Hallmarks of peripheral nerve function in bone regeneration. Bone Res. 2023;11(1):6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jimenez-Andrade JM, et al. The effect of aging on the density of the sensory nerve fiber innervation of bone and acute skeletal pain. Neurobiol Aging. 2012;33(5):921–32.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dubin AE, Patapoutian A. Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway. J Clin Investig. 2010;120(11):3760–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Karcz M, et al. Pathophysiology of Pain and Mechanisms of Neuromodulation: A Narrative Review (A Neuron Project). J Pain Res. 2024;17:3757–90.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dubin AE, Patapoutian A. Nociceptors: the sensors of the pain pathway. J Clin Investig. 2010;120(11):3760–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ponzano M, et al. International consensus on the non-pharmacological and non-surgical management of osteoporotic vertebral fractures. Osteoporos Int. 2023;34(6):1065–74.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curatolo M. Central Sensitization and Pain: Pathophysiologic and Clinical Insights. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2024;22(1):15–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Spencer GJ, McGrath CJ, Genever PG. Current perspectives on NMDA-type glutamate signalling in bone. Int J Biochem Cell Biol. 2007;39(6):1089–104.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Song Q, et al. Neuroplasticity in the transition from acute to chronic pain. Neurotherapeutics. 2024;21(6):e00464.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ng SK, et al. The relationship between structural and functional brain changes and altered emotion and cognition in chronic low back pain brain changes: a systematic review of MRI and fMRI studies. Clin J Pain. 2018;34(3):237–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Martinez-Calderon J, et al. Pain-related fear, pain intensity and function in individuals with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J pain. 2019;20(12):1394–415.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kerschan-Schindl K, Hasenoehrl T. Exercise in the Prevention of Age-Related Fragility Fractures (Narrative Review). Gerontology. 2025;71(3):173–84.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Johansson L, et al. Decreased physical health-related quality of life-a persisting state for older women with clinical vertebral fracture. Osteoporos Int. 2019;30(10):1961–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bergus GR, Levin IP, Elstein AS. Presenting risks and benefits to patients. J Gen Intern Med. 2002;17(8):612–7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mouelhi Y, et al. How is the mini