Barrell AM, Sferruzzi-Perri AN. The impact of preeclampsia and gestational diabetes on future maternal cardiometabolic health. Acta Physiol. 2025;241:e70113.

Article  Google Scholar 

Christensen AP, Bert S, Nadkarni S. Immune mechanisms of vascular disease in preeclampsia. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2025;45:1715–23.

Article  Google Scholar 

Taageby Nielsen S, Luo J, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Iversen K, Bundgaard H, Qvist Thomassen J, et al. Preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and cardiovascular disease risk: a genetic epidemiological study. Eur Heart J. 2025;46:4316–25.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thirunavukarasu S, Ansari F, Kotha S, Giannoudi M, Procter H, Cash L, et al. Cardiac structural, functional, and energetic assessments during and after pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and healthy pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;232:565.e1–565.e16.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mol BWJ, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, Magee LA, de Groot CJM, Hofmeyr GJ. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2015;387:999–1011.

Article  Google Scholar 

Touyz RM, Lang NN, Herrmann J, van den Meiracker AH, Danser AHJ. Recent advances in hypertension and cardiovascular toxicities with vascular endothelial growth factor inhibition. Hypertension. 2017;70:220–6.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hussainali RF, Adank MC, Lamballais S, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Steegers EAP, et al. Hypertension in pregnancy linked to cerebral small vessel disease 15 years later. Hypertension. 2025;82:1326–35.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Piccoli GB, Torreggiani M, Schwotzer N, Cabiddu G, Attini R, Orozco A, et al. Kidney health outcomes of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2025;21:671–86.

Article  Google Scholar 

Matsuzaki S, Ouzounian JG, Matsuo K. Distinct obstetrical characteristics and maternal mortality in patients with hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count syndrome vs severe preeclampsia: a response. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2024;232:e118.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chew EY, Burns SA, Abraham AG, Bakhoum MF, Beckman JA, Chui TYP, et al. Standardization and clinical applications of retinal imaging biomarkers for cardiovascular disease: a roadmap from an NHLBI workshop. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2024;22:47–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chua J, Tan B, Wong D, Garhöfer G, Liew XW, Popa-Cherecheanu A, et al. Optical coherence tomography angiography of the retina and choroid in systemic diseases. Prog Retin Eye Res. 2024;103:101292.

Article  Google Scholar 

Blondal R, Sturludottir MK, Hardarson SH, Halldorsson GH, Stefánsson E. Reliability of vessel diameter measurements with a retinal oximeter. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2011;249:1311–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Belfort MA, Saade GR. Retinal vasospasm associated with visual disturbance in preeclampsia: color flow Doppler findings. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169:523–5.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lupton SJ, Chiu CL, Hodgson LA, Tooher J, Ogle R, Wong TY, et al. Changes in retinal microvascular caliber precede the clinical onset of preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2013;62:899–904.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li LJ, Cheung CY, Ikram MK, Gluckman P, Meaney MJ, Chong YS, et al. Blood pressure and retinal microvascular characteristics during pregnancy: growing up in Singapore towards healthy outcomes (GUSTO) study. Hypertension. 2012;60:223–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Cheung CY, Ikram MK, Sabanayagam C, Wong TY. Retinal microvasculature as a model to study the manifestations of hypertension. Hypertension. 2012;60:1094–103.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jin K, Yan Y, Chen M, Wang J, Pan X, Liu X, et al. Multimodal deep learning with feature-level fusion for identification of choroidal neovascularization activity in age-related macular degeneration. Acta Ophthalmol. 2021;100:e512–e520.

Google Scholar 

Takusagawa HL, Liu L, Ma KN, Jia Y, Gao SS, Zhang M, et al. Projection-resolved optical coherence tomography angiography of macular retinal circulation in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:1589–99.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uji A, Balasubramanian S, Lei J, Baghdasaryan E, Al-Sheikh M, Sadda SR. Impact of multiple en face image averaging on quantitative assessment from optical coherence tomography angiography images. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:944–52.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tsai WS, Thottarath S, Gurudas S, Pearce E, Yamaguchi TCN, Sivaprasad S. A comparison of optical coherence tomography angiography metrics and artifacts on scans of different sizes in diabetic macular ischemia. Am J Ophthalmol. 2024;269:303–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Tang C, Pan S, Zeng X, Fu X, Deng J, Shi K. Diminished retinal microcirculation in mild preeclampsia without obvious retinopathy in high-altitude native Tibetans by OCTA. Photodiagnos Photodyn Ther. 2024;50:104396.

Article  Google Scholar 

Doğan ME, Erkan Pota Ç. Investigation of the effects of gestational diabetes and hypertension on retinal and choroidal microvascular circulation using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography. Microvasc Res. 2023;152:104622.

Article  Google Scholar 

Huang BB, Fawzi AA. Hypertension likely drives arteriolar wall thickening in preclinical diabetic retinopathy while diabetes drives wall thickness in clinical retinopathy. Transl Vis Sci Technol. 2024;13:8.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ramos D, Catita J, López-Luppo M, Valença A, Bonet A, Carretero A, et al. Vascular interstitial cells in retinal arteriolar annuli are altered during hypertension. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60:473–87.

Article  Google Scholar 

Delles C, Michelson G, Harazny J, Oehmer S, Hilgers KF, Schmieder RE. Impaired endothelial function of the retinal vasculature in hypertensive patients. Stroke. 2004;35:1289–93.

Article  Google Scholar 

Hoel S, Moe K, Sugulle M, Petrovski G, Veiby NCBB, Staff AC. Retinal oximetry and microvascular assessment after hypertensive pregnancy complications. Acta Ophthalmol. 2024;102:653–61.

Article  Google Scholar 

Köchli S, Smith W, Lona G, Goikoetxea-Sotelo G, Breet Y, Botha-Le Roux S, et al. Obesity, blood pressure and retinal microvascular phenotype in a bi-ethnic cohort of young children. Atherosclerosis. 2022;350:51–57.

Article  Google Scholar 

Lona G, Endes K, Köchli S, Infanger D, Zahner L, Hanssen H. Retinal vessel diameters and blood pressure progression in children. Hypertension. 2020;76:450–7.

Article  Google Scholar 

Meyer ML, Klein BE, Klein R, Palta P, Sharrett AR, Heiss G, et al. Central arterial stiffness and retinal vessel calibers: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study-neurocognitive Study. J Hypertens. 2020;38:266–73.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sun Z, Wang H, Xie Q, Zheng Y, Meng D. RSF-Conv: rotation-and-scale equivariant fourier parameterized convolution for retinal vessel segmentation. IEEE Trans Neural Netw Learn Syst. 2025;36:16549–63.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jin K, Huang X, Zhou J, Li Y, Yan Y, Sun Y, et al. FIVES: a fundus image dataset for artificial intelligence based vessel segmentation. Sci Data. 2022;9:475.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Huang C, Wang Z, Yuan G, Xiong Z, Hu J, Tong Y. PKSEA-Net: a prior knowledge supervised edge-aware multi-task network for retinal arteriolar morphometry. Comput Biol Med. 2024;172:108255.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang L, Ji Y, Liu M, Fang R, Zhu Z, Zhang M, et al. Exploring the effect of gestational diabetes mellitus on retinal vascular morphology by PKSEA-Net. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2025;12:1532939.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chaemsaithong P, Sahota DS, Poon LC. First-trimester preeclampsia screening and prediction. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2020;226:S1071–S1097.e2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bello NA, Zhou H, Cheetham TC, Miller E, Getahun DT, Fassett MJ, et al. Prevalence of Hypertension Among Pregnant Women When Using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Blood Pressure Guidelines and Association With Maternal and Fetal Outcomes. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4:e213808.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu TP, Tong YH, Zhan HJ, Ma J. Update on retinal vessel structure measurement with spectral-domain optical coherence tomography. Microvasc Res. 2014;95:7–14.

Article  Google Scholar 

Jiang L, Liu M, Yu M, Lu W, Zhang Z, Tong Y. Application of the full-width-at-half-maximum image segmentation method to analyse retinal vascular changes in patients with internal carotid artery stenosis. Front Cell Dev Biol. 2024;12:1467374.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lei J, Durbin MK, Shi Y, Uji A, Balasubramanian S, Baghdasaryan E, et al. Repeatability and reproducibility of superficial macular retinal vessel density measurements using optical coherence tomography angiography en face images. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2017;135:1092–8.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Chu Z, Gregori G, Rosenfeld PJ, Wang RK. Quantification of choriocapillaris with optical coherence tomography angiography: a comparison study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2019;208:111–23.

Article  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Seidel G, Hausberger S, Herzog SA, Palkovits S, Pöschl EM, Wackernagel W, et al. Circadian macular volume changes in the healthy human choroid. Am J Ophthalmol. 2014;159:365–71.e2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Li Z, Zhang J, Wei S, Gao Y, Cao C, Wu Z. TPAFNet: transformer-driven pyramid attention fusion network for 3D medical image segmentation. IEEE J Biomed Health Inf. 2024;28:6803–14.