Ludwig, J., Viggiano, T. R., McGill, D. B. & Oh, B. J. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: mayo clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin. Proc. 55, 434–438 (1980).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Angulo, P. et al. Liver fibrosis, but no other histologic features, is associated with long-term outcomes of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Gastroenterology 149, 389–397.e310 (2015).
Byrne, C. D. & Targher, G. NAFLD: a multisystem disease. J. Hepatol. 62, S47–S64 (2015).
Targher, G., Tilg, H. & Byrne, C. D. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a multisystem disease requiring a multidisciplinary and holistic approach. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 578–588 (2021).
Eslam, M. et al. A new definition for metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease: an international expert consensus statement. J. Hepatol. 73, 202–209 (2020).
Rinella, M. E. et al. A multisociety Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. J. Hepatol. 79, 1542–1556 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hagström, H., Vessby, J., Ekstedt, M. & Shang, Y. 99% of patients with NAFLD meet MASLD criteria and natural history is therefore identical. J. Hepatol. 80, e76–e77 (2024).
Fouad, Y., Barakat, S., Hashim, A. & Ghazinyan, H. Towards unifying fatty liver nomenclature: a voice from the Middle East and North Africa. Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 21, 297–298 (2024).
Fouad, Y. et al. Joint position statement from the Middle East and North Africa and sub-Saharan Africa on continuing to endorse the MAFLD definition. J. Hepatol. 80, e194–e197 (2024).
Byrne, C. D. & Targher, G. MASLD, MAFLD, or NAFLD criteria: have we re-created the confusion and acrimony surrounding metabolic syndrome? Metab. Target Organ Damage 4, 10 (2024).
Younossi, Z. M. et al. Clinical profiles and mortality rates are similar for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J. Hepatol. 80, 694–701 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Alberti, K. G. et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 120, 1640–1645 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mottillo, S. et al. The metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk a systematic review and meta-analysis. J. Am. Coll. Cardiol. 56, 1113–1132 (2010).
Simon, T. G., Roelstraete, B., Khalili, H., Hagström, H. & Ludvigsson, J. F. Mortality in biopsy-confirmed nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results from a nationwide cohort. Gut 70, 1375–1382 (2021).
Shang, Y. et al. Cause of death by fibrosis stage in 959 patients with biopsy-proven NAFLD. Gut 73, e30 (2024).
Sung, K. C., Cha, S. C., Sung, J. W., So, M. S. & Byrne, C. D. Metabolically healthy obese subjects are at risk of fatty liver but not of pre-clinical atherosclerosis. Nutr. Metab. Cardiovasc. Dis. 24, 256–262 (2014).
Jarvis, H. et al. Metabolic risk factors and incident advanced liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): a systematic review and meta-analysis of population-based observational studies. PLoS Med. 17, e1003100 (2020).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alexander, M. et al. Risks and clinical predictors of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma diagnoses in adults with diagnosed NAFLD: real-world study of 18 million patients in four European cohorts. BMC Med. 17, 95 (2019).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Björkström, K. et al. Risk factors for severe liver disease in patients with type 2 diabetes. Clin. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 17, 2769–2775.e2764 (2019).
Shang, Y. et al. Metabolic syndrome traits increase the risk of major adverse liver outcomes in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 47, 978–985 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Alberti, K. G. & Zimmet, P. Z. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet. Med. 15, 539–553 (1998).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Zaharia, O. P. et al. Risk of diabetes-associated diseases in subgroups of patients with recent-onset diabetes: a 5-year follow-up study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 7, 684–694 (2019).
Erman, H., Boyuk, B., Arslan, S., Akin, S. & Keskin, Ö. Noninvasive liver fibrosis indices as indicators of microvascular and macrovascular complications in type 2 diabetes. Metab. Syndr. Relat. Disord. 22, 619–625 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sun, Y. et al. Fibrosis risk in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease is related to chronic kidney disease in older type 2 diabetes patients. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab. 107, e3661–e3669 (2022).
Ford, E. S. Risks for all-cause mortality, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes associated with the metabolic syndrome: a summary of the evidence. Diabetes Care 28, 1769–1778 (2005).
Guzder, R. N., Gatling, W., Mullee, M. A. & Byrne, C. D. Impact of metabolic syndrome criteria on cardiovascular disease risk in people with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 49, 49–55 (2006).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mantovani, A., Byrne, C. D., Bonora, E. & Targher, G. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis. Diabetes Care 41, 372–382 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mantovani, A. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of fatal and non-fatal cardiovascular events: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 6, 903–913 (2021).
Mantovani, A. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of incident chronic kidney disease: an updated meta-analysis. Gut 71, 156–162 (2022).
Mantovani, A. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk of new-onset heart failure: an updated meta-analysis of about 11 million individuals. Gut 72, 372–380 (2023).
Mantovani, A. et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and increased risk of incident extrahepatic cancers: a meta-analysis of observational cohort studies. Gut 71, 778–788 (2022).
Kim, K. S., Hong, S., Han, K. & Park, C. Y. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with cardiovascular disease and all cause death in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: nationwide population based study. BMJ 384, e076388 (2024).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sanyal, A. J. et al. Prospective study of outcomes in adults with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 385, 1559–1569 (2021).
Comments (0)