Sjöberg L, Karlsson B, Atti AR, Skoog I, Fratiglioni L, Wang HX. Prevalence of depression: comparisons of different depression definitions in population-based samples of older adults. J Affect Disord. 2017;221:123–31.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mitchell AJ, Subramaniam H. Prognosis of depression in old age compared to middle age: a systematic review of comparative studies. Am J Psychiatry. 2005;162:1588–601.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

da Silva J, Gonçalves-Pereira M, Xavier M, Mukaetova-Ladinska EB. Affective disorders and risk of developing dementia: systematic review. Br J Psychiatry. 2013;202:177–86.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang Y, Zhu X, Liu X, Li J. Loneliness trajectories predict risks of cardiovascular diseases in Chinese middle-aged and older adults. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2024; 79.

Aziz R, Steffens DC. What are the causes of late-life depression? Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2013;36:497–516.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mirza SS, Wolters FJ, Swanson SA, Koudstaal PJ, Hofman A, Tiemeier H, et al. 10-year trajectories of depressive symptoms and risk of dementia: a population-based study. Lancet Psychiatry. 2016;3:628–35.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xiang X, An R. Obesity and onset of depression among U.S. middle-aged and older adults. J Psychosom Res. 2015;78:242–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim E, Song JH, Hwang JY, Ahn K, Kim J, Koh YH, et al. Obesity and depressive symptoms in elderly Koreans: evidence for the “Jolly Fat” hypothesis from the Ansan Geriatric (AGE) Study. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2010;51:231–4.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han TS, Tajar A, Lean ME. Obesity and weight management in the elderly. Br Med Bull. 2011;97:169–96.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ho RC, Niti M, Kua EH, Ng TP. Body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly: a population-based study. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008;23:401–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Coelho C, Bragança M, de Oliveira BR, Bettiol H, Barbieri MA, Cardoso VC, et al. Incidence of metabolic syndrome in adults with healthy weight, normal weight obesity, and overweight/obesity. Nutrition. 2021;85:111134.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Repousi N, Masana MF, Sanchez-Niubo A, Haro JM, Tyrovolas S. Depression and metabolic syndrome in the older population: a review of evidence. J Affect Disord. 2018;237:56–64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhou X, Li J, Gu W, Wang J, Zhu Y, Zhang G, et al. Prevalence and associated factors of anxiety and depression among patients with chronic respiratory diseases in eight general hospitals in Jiangsu Province of China: a cross-sectional study. Psychiatry Res. 2017;251:48–53.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li D, Zhang DJ, Shao JJ, Qi XD, Tian L. A meta-analysis of the prevalence of depressive symptoms in Chinese older adults. Arch Gerontol Geriatr. 2014;58:1–9.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhao Y, Hu Y, Smith JP, Strauss J, Yang G. Cohort profile: the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Int J Epidemiol. 2014;43:61–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ning M, Zhang Q, Yang M. Comparison of self-reported and biomedical data on hypertension and diabetes: findings from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). BMJ Open. 2016;6:e009836.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Consultation WE. Appropriate body-mass index for Asian populations and its implications for policy and intervention strategies. Lancet. 2004;363:157–63.

Google Scholar 

Lei X, Sun X, Strauss J, Zhang P, Zhao Y. Depressive symptoms and SES among the mid-aged and elderly in China: evidence from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study national baseline. Soc Sci Med. 2014;120:224–32.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Chen YC, Shen HW, Morrow-Howell N. Neighborhood and depressive symptoms: a comparison of rural and urban Chinese older adults. Gerontologist. 2018;58:68–78.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang S, Wang Q, Wang X, Qi K, Zhou Y, Zhou C. Longitudinal relationship between sensory impairments and depressive symptoms in older adults: the mediating role of functional limitation. Depress Anxiety. 2022;39:624–32.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Andresen EM, Malmgren JA, Carter WB, Patrick DL. Screening for depression in well older adults: evaluation of a short form of the CES-D (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale). Am J Prev Med. 1994;10:77–84.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Luo X, Wang Y, Zhu Z, Ping J, Hou B, Shan W, et al. Association between window ventilation frequency and depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults. J Affect Disord. 2025;368:607–14.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Chen X, Yan Z. Depression in the house: the effects of household air pollution from solid fuel use among the middle-aged and older population in China. Sci Total Environ. 2020;703:134706.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ. The metabolic syndrome. Lancet. 2005;365:1415–28.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation. 2005;112:2735–52.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dobrowolski P, Prejbisz A, Kuryłowicz A, Baska A, Burchardt P, Chlebus K, et al. Metabolic syndrome—a new definition and management guidelines: a joint position paper by the Polish Society of Hypertension, Polish Society for the Treatment of Obesity, Polish Lipid Association, Polish Association for Study of Liver, Polish Society of Family Medicine, Polish Society of Lifestyle Medicine, Division of Prevention and Epidemiology Polish Cardiac Society, “Club 30” Polish Cardiac Society, and Division of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery Society of Polish Surgeons. Arch Med Sci: Arch Med Sci. 2022;18:1133–56.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Beltran Del Rio M, Tiwari M, Amodu LI, Cagliani J, Rodriguez Rilo HL. Glycated hemoglobin, plasma glucose, and erythrocyte aging. J Diabetes Sci Technol. 2016;10:1303–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Krhač M, Lovrenčić MV. Update on biomarkers of glycemic control. World J Diabetes. 2019;10:1–15.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nathan DM, Turgeon H, Regan S. Relationship between glycated haemoglobin levels and mean glucose levels over time. Diabetologia. 2007;50:2239–44.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes–2011. Diabetes Care. 2011;34:S11–61.

PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nagin DS. Group-based trajectory modeling: an overview. Ann Nutr Metab. 2014;65:205–10.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Li X, Marshall IJ, Bhalla A, Wang Y, O’Connell MDL. Trajectories of depressive symptoms 10 years after stroke and associated risk factors: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2023;402:S64.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nagin DS, Odgers CL. Group-based trajectory modeling in clinical research. Annu Rev Clin Psychol. 2010;6:109–38.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hussain MS, Singh RKL, Patange A, Singh NH, Bi TJTJoP. Association between symptoms of unipolar depression and metabolic syndrome in a tertiary care hospital. Telangana J Psychiatry. 2019.

Yanagisawa T, Suzuki F, Tsujiguchi H, Hara A, Miyagi S, Kannon T, et al. Hypertension and low body weight are associated with depressive symptoms only in females: findings from the Shika study. Behav Sci. 2022; 12.

Han YY, Yan Q, Chen W, Celedón JC. Child maltreatment, anxiety and depression, and asthma among British adults in the UK Biobank. Eur Respir J. 2022; 60.

Rijnhart JJM, Lamp SJ, Valente MJ, MacKinnon DP, Twisk JWR, Heymans MW. Mediation analysis methods used in observational research: a scoping review and recommendations. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2021;21:226.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

MacKinnon DP, Valente MJ, Gonzalez O. The correspondence between causal and traditional mediation analysis: the link is the mediator by treatment interaction. Prev Sci. 2020;21:147–57.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim J, Noh JW, Park J, Kwon YD. Body mass index and depressive symptoms in older adults: a cross-lagged panel analysis. PLoS One. 2014;9:e114891.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung SJ, Woo HT, Cho S, Park K, Jeong S, Lee YJ, et al. Association between body size, weight change and depression: systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry. 2017;211:14–21.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jéquier E. Leptin signaling, adiposity, and energy balance. Ann NY Acad Sci. 2002;967:379–88.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lawson EA, Miller KK, Blum JI, Meenaghan E, Misra M, Eddy KT, et al. Leptin levels are associated with decreased depressive symptoms in women across the weight spectrum, independent of body fat. Clin Endocrinol. 2012;76:520–5.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Crisp AH, McGuiness B. Jolly fat: relation between obesity and psychoneurosis in general population. Br Med J. 1976;1:7–9.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kuo SY, Lin KM, Chen CY, Chuang YL, Chen WJ. Depression trajectories and obesity among the elderly in Taiwan. Psychol Med. 2011;41:1665–76.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cao ZK, Huang Y, Yu HJ, Yuan S, Tang BW, Li QX, et al. Association between obesity phenotypes and incident hypertension among Chinese adults: a prospective cohort study. Public Health. 2017;149:65–70.