Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, Beam C, Birtcher KK, Blumenthal RS, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139:e1082–e143.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Reiner Z, Catapano AL, De Backer G, Graham I, Taskinen MR, Wiklund O, et al. ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: the Task Force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS). Eur Heart J. 2011;32:1769–818.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Assmann G, Davignon J, Fernandez-Cruz A, Gotto AM Jr, Jacotot B, Lewis B, et al. HDL cholesterol profile in 1988. Rev Clin Esp. 1989;184:421–30.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Tall AR. HDL in morbidity and mortality: a 40+ year perspective. Clin Chem. 2021;67:19–23.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Toth PP, Barter PJ, Rosenson RS, Boden WE, Chapman MJ, Cuchel M, et al. High-density lipoproteins: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7:484–525.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palmer GroverSA, Coupal CS. L. Serum lipid screening to identify high-risk individuals for coronary death. The results of the Lipid Research Clinics prevalence cohort. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:679–84.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Garrison CastelliWP, Wilson RJ, Abbott PW, Kalousdian RD, Kannel S. WB. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham Study. JAMA. 1986;256:2835–8.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lemieux I, Lamarche B, Couillard C, Pascot A, Cantin B, Bergeron J, et al. Total cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio vs LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratio as indices of ischemic heart disease risk in men: the Quebec Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:2685–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lamarche B, Moorjani S, Lupien PJ, Cantin B, Bernard PM, Dagenais GR, et al. Apolipoprotein A-I and B levels and the risk of ischemic heart disease during a five-year follow-up of men in the Quebec cardiovascular study. Circulation. 1996;94:273–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jeppesen J, Hein HO, Suadicani P, Gyntelberg F. Relation of high TG-low HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol to the incidence of ischemic heart disease. An 8-year follow-up in the Copenhagen Male Study. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 1997;17:1114–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Perini W, Snijder MB, Peters RJ, Kunst AE, van Valkengoed IG. Estimation of cardiovascular risk based on total cholesterol versus total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein within different ethnic groups: the HELIUS study. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2019;26:1888–96.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhou D, Liu X, Lo K, Huang Y, Feng Y. The effect of total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio on mortality risk in the general population. Front Endocrinol. 2022;13:1012383.

Article  Google Scholar 

Millan J, Pinto X, Munoz A, Zuniga M, Rubies-Prat J, Pallardo LF, et al. Lipoprotein ratios: physiological significance and clinical usefulness in cardiovascular prevention. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2009;5:757–65.

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ledoux M, Lambert J, Reeder BA, Despres JP. Correlation between cardiovascular disease risk factors and simple anthropometric measures. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. CMAJ. 1997;157:S46–53.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ledoux M, Lambert J, Reeder BA, Despres JP. A comparative analysis of weight to height and waist to hip circumference indices as indicators of the presence of cardiovascular disease risk factors. Canadian Heart Health Surveys Research Group. CMAJ. 1997;157:S32–8.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Friedrich M, Goluch-Koniuszy Z. The effectiveness of nutritional education among women aged 60-85 on the basis of anthropometric parameters and lipid profiles. Rocz Panstw Zakl Hig. 2017;68:253–60.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Nevill AM, Duncan MJ, Lahart IM, Sandercock GR. Scaling waist girth for differences in body size reveals a new improved index associated with cardiometabolic risk. Scand J Med Sci Sports. 2017;27:1470–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elsadek Seaoud EAM, Amin MI, Abdelbasit MS. Total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol as predictors of coronary artery calcification assessed by multidetector computed tomography coronary angiography. ARYA Atheroscler. 2022;18:1–7.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Goldbourt U, Yaari S, Cohen-Mandelzweig L, Neufeld HN. High-density lipoprotein cholesterol: correlation with biochemical, anthropometric, behavioral, and clinical parameters in 6500 Israeli men. Prev Med. 1986;15:569–81.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Henriksson KM, Lindblad U, Agren B, Nilsson-Ehle P, Rastam L. Associations between body height, body composition and cholesterol levels in middle-aged men. the coronary risk factor study in southern Sweden (CRISS). Eur J Epidemiol. 2001;17:521–6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Tong G, Tong W, Lu L, Qin X. Can body mass index, waist circumference, waist-hip ratio and waist-height ratio predict the presence of multiple metabolic risk factors in Chinese subjects? BMC Public Health. 2011;11:35.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Oliveira-Santos J, Santos R, Moreira C, Abreu S, Lopes L, Agostinis-Sobrinho C, et al. Associations between anthropometric indicators in early life and low-grade inflammation, insulin resistance and lipid profile in adolescence. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2019;29:783–92.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sultan N, Nawaz M, Sultan A, Fayaz M. Waist hip ratio as an index for identifying women with raised TC/HDL ratios. J Ayub Med Coll Abbottabad. 2004;16:38–41.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashwell M, Hsieh SD. Six reasons why the waist-to-height ratio is a rapid and effective global indicator for health risks of obesity and how its use could simplify the international public health message on obesity. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2005;56:303–7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Orsatti FL, Nahas EA, Nahas-Neto J, Maesta N, Padoani NP, Orsatti CL. Anthropometric measures: predictors of non-transmissible chronic diseases in postmenopausal women in the Southeast region of Brazil. Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet. 2008;30:182–9.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee CMY, Huxley RR, Wildman RP, Woodward M. Indices of abdominal obesity are better discriminators of cardiovascular risk factors than BMI: a meta-analysis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2008;61:646–53.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Xu C, Yang X, Zu S, Han S, Zhang Z, Zhu G. Association between serum lipids, blood pressure, and simple anthropometric measures in an adult Chinese population. Arch Med Res. 2008;39:610–7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aldrich J. Correlations genuine and spurious in Pearson and Yule. Stat Sci. 1995;10:364–76.

Nevill AM, Bryant E, Wilkinson K, Gomes TN, Chaves R, Pereira S, et al. Can waist circumference provide a new “third” dimension to BMI when predicting percentage body fat in children? Insights using allometric modelling. Pediatr Obes. 2019;14:e12491.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maeda K, Noguchi Y, Fukui T. The effects of cessation from cigarette smoking on the lipid and lipoprotein profiles: a meta-analysis. Prev Med. 2003;37:283–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rimm EB, Williams P, Fosher K, Criqui M, Stampfer MJ. Moderate alcohol intake and lower risk of coronary heart disease: meta-analysis of effects on lipids and haemostatic factors. BMJ. 1999;319:1523–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Brien SE, Ronksley PE, Turner BJ, Mukamal KJ, Ghali WA. Effect of alcohol consumption on biological markers associated with risk of coronary heart disease: systematic review and meta-analysis of interventional studies. BMJ. 2011;342:d636.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bays HE, Toth PP, Kris-Etherton PM, Abate N, Aronne LJ, Brown WV, et al. Obesity, adiposity, and dyslipidemia: a consensus statement from the National Lipid Association. J Clin Lipidol. 2013;7:304–83.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Clifton PM. Diet, exercise and weight loss and dyslipidaemia. Pathology. 2019;51:222–6.

Article  CAS