Tiwari A, Balasundaram P. Public health considerations regarding obesity. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023.

Thomas EL, Fitzpatrick JA, Malik SJ, Taylor-Robinson SD, Bell JD. Whole body fat: content and distribution. Prog Nucl Magn Reson Spectrosc. 2013;73:56–80.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shuster A, Patlas M, Pinthus JH, Mourtzakis M. The clinical importance of visceral adiposity: a critical review of methods for visceral adipose tissue analysis. Br J Radiol. 2012;85:1–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Demerath EW, Reed D, Rogers N, Sun SS, Lee M, Choh AC, et al. Visceral adiposity and its anatomical distribution as predictors of the metabolic syndrome and cardiometabolic risk factor levels. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88:1263–71.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Porter SA, Massaro JM, Hoffmann U, Vasan RS, O’Donnel CJ, Fox CS. Abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue: a protective fat depot?. Diab Care. 2009;32:1068–75.

Article  Google Scholar 

Spoto B, Di Betta E, Mattace-Raso F, Sijbrands E, Vilardi A, Parlongo RM, et al. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine gene expression in subcutaneous and visceral fat in severe obesity. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;24:1137–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wajchenberg BL. Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue: their relation to the metabolic syndrome. Endocr Rev. 2000;21:697–738.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Klopfenstein BJ, Kim MS, Krisky CM, Szumowski J, Rooney WD, Purnell JQ. Comparison of 3 T MRI and CT for the measurement of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in humans. Br J Radiol. 2012;85:e826–30.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu Y, Basty N, Whitcher B, Bell JD, Sorokin EP, van Bruggen N, et al. Genetic architecture of 11 organ traits derived from abdominal MRI using deep learning. Elife. 2021;10. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.65554.

Penny WD, Friston KJ, Ashburner JT, Kiebel SJ, Nichols TE. Statistical parametric mapping: the analysis of functional brain images. Elsevier, Academic Press, London; 2011.

Biffi C, de Marvao A, Attard MI, Dawes TJW, Whiffin N, Bai W, et al. Three-dimensional cardiovascular imaging-genetics: a mass univariate framework. Bioinformatics. 2018;34:97–103.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bruse JL, McLeod K, Biglino G, Ntsinjana HN, Capelli C, Hsia T-Y, et al. A statistical shape modelling framework to extract 3D shape biomarkers from medical imaging data: assessing arch morphology of repaired coarctation of the aorta. BMC Med Imaging. 2016;16:40.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thanaj M, Basty N, Cule M, Sorokin EP, Whitcher B, Bell JD, et al. Liver shape analysis using statistical parametric maps at population scale. BMC Med Imaging. 2024;24:15.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thanaj M, Basty N, Cule M, Sorokin EP, Whitcher B, Srinivasan R, et al. Kidney shape statistical analysis: associations with disease and anthropometric factors. BMC Nephrol. 2023;24:362.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Littlejohns TJ, Holliday J, Gibson LM, Garratt S, Oesingmann N, Alfaro-Almagro F, et al. The UK Biobank imaging enhancement of 100,000 participants: rationale, data collection, management and future directions. Nat Commun. 2020;11:2624.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Whitcher B, Thanaj M, Cule M, Liu Y, Basty N, Sorokin EP, et al. Precision MRI phenotyping enables detection of small changes in body composition for longitudinal cohorts. Sci Rep. 2022;12:3748.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thanaj M, Basty N, Liu Y, Cule M, Sorokin EP, Louise Thomas E, et al. Mass univariate regression analysis for three-dimensional liver image-derived phenotypes. In: Papież, BW, Yaqub, M., Jiao, J, Namburete, AIL, Noble, JA (eds). Med Image Underst Anal. 2021:165–76. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol 12722. Springer, Cham.

Bai W, Shi W, de Marvao A, Dawes TJW, O’Regan DP, Cook SA, et al. A bi-ventricular cardiac atlas built from 1000 high resolution MR images of healthy subjects and an analysis of shape and motion. Med Image Anal. 2015;26:133–45.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Guillaume B, Wang C, Poh J, Shen MJ, Ong ML, Tan PF, et al. Improving mass-univariate analysis of neuroimaging data by modelling important unknown covariates: application to Epigenome-Wide Association Studies. Neuroimage. 2018;173:57–71.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Smith SM, Nichols TE. Threshold-free cluster enhancement: addressing problems of smoothing, threshold dependence and localisation in cluster inference. Neuroimage. 2009;44:83–98.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrawal S, Luan J, Cummings BB, Weiss EJ, Wareham NJ, Khera AV. Relationship of fat mass ratio, a biomarker for lipodystrophy, with cardiometabolic traits. Diabetes. 2024;73:1099–111.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thanaj M, Basty N, Whitcher B, Sorokin EP, Liu Y, Srinivasan R, et al. Precision MRI phenotyping of muscle volume and quality at a population scale. Front Physiol. 2024;15:1288657.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bates D, Mächler M, Bolker B, Walker S. Fitting linear mixed-effects models Usinglme4. J Stat Softw. 2015;67. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v067.i01.

Harrison L, Dunn DT, Green H, Copas AJ. Modelling the association between patient characteristics and the change over time in a disease measure using observational cohort data. Stat Med. 2009;28:3260–75.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kuznetsova A, Brockhoff PB, Christensen RHB. LmerTest package: tests in linear mixed effects models. J Stat Softw. 2017;82. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13.

Hoffmann J, Thiele J, Kwast S, Borger MA, Schröter T, Falz R, et al. Measurement of subcutaneous fat tissue: reliability and comparison of caliper and ultrasound via systematic body mapping. Sci Rep. 2022;12:15798.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teppa R, Sude NS, Karanam VPK, Mallipudi BVP. Relevance of subcutaneous fat thickness as a risk factor for surgical site infections in abdominal surgeries. Cureus. 2022;14:e20946.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fiel MI, Sima HR, Desman G, Azarian A, Lento P, Schiano TD. Increased thickness of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue occurs more frequently in steatohepatitis than in simple steatosis. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2013;137:642–6.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Aruna R, Sivarajan AA, Madhumitha M, Vasanth CJ. Association of hand grip strength with ultrasound-derived forearm muscle thickness and echo intensity in young Indian adults. J Med Ultrasound. 2023;31:206–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hou S, Xiao X, Chen D. Ultrasonographic abdominal adipose tissue thickness for the prediction of gestational diabetes mellitus: a meta-analysis. Biomol Biomed. 2023;24:698–707.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Merlotti C, Ceriani V, Morabito A, Pontiroli AE. Subcutaneous fat loss is greater than visceral fat loss with diet and exercise, weight-loss promoting drugs and bariatric surgery: a critical review and meta-analysis. Int J Obes. 2017;41:672–82.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kuk JL, Saunders TJ, Davidson LE, Ross R. Age-related changes in total and regional fat distribution. Ageing Res Rev. 2009;8:339–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Agrawal S, Wang M, Klarqvist MDR, Smith K, Shin J, Dashti H, et al. Inherited basis of visceral, abdominal subcutaneous and gluteofemoral fat depots. Nat Commun. 2022;13:3771.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lumish HS, O’Reilly M, Reilly MP. Sex differences in genomic drivers of adipose distribution and related cardiometabolic disorders: opportunities for precision medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2020;40:45–60.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abildgaard J, Ploug T, Al-Saoudi E, Wagner T, Thomsen C, Ewertsen C, et al. Changes in abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue phenotype following menopause is associated with increased visceral fat mass. Sci Rep. 2021;11:14750.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central