Al-Hadidi SH, Al mana H, Almoghrabi SZ, El-Obeid T, AlAli WQ, Eltai NO (2022) Retail chicken carcasses as a reservoir of multidrug-resistant Salmonella. Microb Drug Resist 28(7):824–831. https://doi.org/10.1089/mdr.2021.0414

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Allen J, Balasubramanian B, Rankin K, Shah T, Donoghue AM, Upadhyaya I, Sartini B, Luo Y, Upadhyay A (2023) Trans-cinnamaldehyde nanoemulsion wash inactivates Salmonella Enteritidis on shelled eggs without affecting egg color. Poult Sci 102(4):102523. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psj.2023.102523

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Aryal J, Chhetri VS, Adhikari A (2024) Evaluating wet and dry contact time of contaminated produce with chlorine solution against Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella enterica. LWT 193:115748. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2024.115748

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ayres Cacciatore F, Dalmás M, Maders C, Ataíde Isaía H, Brandelli A, da Silva MP (2020) Carvacrol encapsulation into nanostructures: characterization and antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens adhered to stainless steel. Food Res Int 133:109143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109143

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beirão-da-Costa S, Duarte C, Bourbon AI, Pinheiro AC, Januário MIN, Vicente AA, Beirão-da-Costa ML, Delgadillo I (2013) Inulin potential for encapsulation and controlled delivery of Oregano essential oil. Food Hydrocoll 33(2):199–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2013.03.009

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Berdejo D, Merino N, Pagán E, García-Gonzalo D, Pagán R (2020) Genetic variants and phenotypic characteristics of Salmonella typhimurium-resistant mutants after exposure to carvacrol. Microorganisms 8(6):937

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Buranasuksombat U, Kwon YJ, Turner M, Bhandari B (2011) Influence of emulsion droplet size on antimicrobial properties. Food Sci Biotechnol 20:793–800. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-011-0110-x

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

CDC (2024) Post-travel diarrhea. PUblisher. https://www.cdc.gov/yellow-book/hcp/post-travel-evaluation/post-travel-diarrhea.html

Chang Y, McLandsborough L, McClements DJ (2012) Physical properties and antimicrobial efficacy of thyme oil nanoemulsions: influence of ripening inhibitors. J Agric Food Chem 60(48):12056–12063. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf304045a

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen W, Golden DA, Critzer FJ, Davidson PM (2015) Antimicrobial activity of cinnamaldehyde, carvacrol, and lauric arginate against Salmonella Tennessee in a glycerol-sucrose model and peanut paste at different fat concentrations. J Food Prot 78(8):1488–1495. https://doi.org/10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-14-599

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen C-H, Yin H-B, Teng Z, Byun S, Guan Y, Luo Y, Upadhyay A, Patel J (2021) Nanoemulsified carvacrol as a novel washing treatment reduces Escherichia coli O157:H7 on spinach and lettuce. J Food Prot 84(12):2163–2173. https://doi.org/10.4315/JFP-21-151

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chuesiang P, Sanguandeekul R, Siripatrawan U (2021) Enhancing effect of nanoemulsion on antimicrobial activity of cinnamon essential oil against foodborne pathogens in refrigerated Asian seabass (Lates calcarifer) fillets. Food Control 122:107782. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107782

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Cristani M, D’Arrigo M, Mandalari G, Castelli F, Sarpietro MG, Micieli D, Venuti V, Bisignano G, Saija A, Trombetta D (2007) Interaction of four monoterpenes contained in essential oils with model membranes: implications for their antibacterial activity. J Agric Food Chem 55(15):6300–6308. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf070094x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui H, Li W, Li C, Vittayapadung S, Lin L (2016) Liposome containing cinnamon oil with antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm. Biofouling 32(2):215–225. https://doi.org/10.1080/08927014.2015.1134516

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dantas AGB, de Souza RL, de Almeida AR, Xavier Júnior FH, Pitta MGdR, Rêgo MJBdM, Oliveira EE (2021) Development, characterization, and immunomodulatory evaluation of carvacrol-loaded nanoemulsion. Molecules 26(13):3899

CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Das S, Singh VK, Chaudhari AK, Deepika DAK, Dubey NK (2022) Co-encapsulation of Pimpinella anisum and Coriandrum sativum essential oils based synergistic formulation through binary mixture: physico-chemical characterization, appraisal of antifungal mechanism of action, and application as natural food preservative. Pestic Biochem Physiol 184:105066. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105066

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

de Milagres Almeida J, Crippa BL, de Martins Alencar Souza VV, Perez Alonso VP, da Motta Santos Júnior E, Siqueira Franco Picone C, Prata AS, Cirone Silva NC (2023) Antimicrobial action of oregano, thyme, clove, cinnamon and black pepper essential oils free and encapsulated against foodborne pathogens. Food Control 144:109356. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109356

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Di Pasqua R, Betts G, Hoskins N, Edwards M, Ercolini D, Mauriello G (2007) Membrane toxicity of antimicrobial compounds from essential oils. J Agric Food Chem 55(12):4863–4870. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf0636465

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Diana M, Felipe-Sotelo M, Bond T (2019) Disinfection byproducts potentially responsible for the association between chlorinated drinking water and bladder cancer: a review. Water Res 162:492–504. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2019.07.014

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

EFSA (2025) Salmonella. PUblisher. https://www.efsa.europa.eu/en/topics/topic/salmonella Accessed 2025

Engel JB, Heckler C, Tondo EC, Daroit DJ, da Silva MP (2017) Antimicrobial activity of free and liposome-encapsulated thymol and carvacrol against Salmonella and Staphylococcus aureus adhered to stainless steel. Int J Food Microbiol 252:18–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.04.003

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fabrizio KA, Sharma RR, Demirci A, Cutter CN (2002) Comparison of electrolyzed oxidizing water with various antimicrobial interventions to reduce Salmonella species on poultry. Poult Sci 81(10):1598–1605. https://doi.org/10.1093/ps/81.10.1598

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

FDA USFaDA (2024) Food additive status list: carvacrol. PUblisher. https://hfpappexternal.fda.gov/scripts/fdcc/index.cfm?set=FoodSubstances&id=CARVACROL Accessed July 27 2025

Fisher D, Yonkos L, Ziegler G, Friedel E, Burton D (2014) Acute and chronic toxicity of selected disinfection byproducts to Daphnia magna, Cyprinodon variegatus, and Isochrysis galbana. Water Res 55:233–244. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2014.01.056

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

García-Salinas S, Elizondo-Castillo H, Arruebo M, Mendoza G, Irusta S (2018) Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of different components of natural origin present in essential oils. Molecules 23(6):1399

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gill AO, Holley RA (2004) Mechanisms of bactericidal action of cinnamaldehyde against Listeria monocytogenes and of eugenol against L. monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sakei. Appl Environ Microbiol 70(10):5750–5. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.70.10.5750-5755.2004

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gill AO, Holley RA (2006a) Inhibition of membrane bound ATPases of Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes by plant oil aromatics. Int J Food Microbiol 111(2):170–174. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2006.04.046

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gill AO, Holley RA (2006) Disruption of Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes and Lactobacillus sakei cellular membranes by plant oil aromatics. Int J Food Microbiol 108(1):1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.10.009

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Granata G, Stracquadanio S, Leonardi M, Napoli E, Consoli GML, Cafiso V, Stefani S, Geraci C (2018) Essential oils encapsulated in polymer-based nanocapsules as potential candidates for application in food preservation. Food Chem 269:286–292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.06.140

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grazul M, Kwiatkowski P, Hartman K, Kilanowicz A, Sienkiewicz M (2023) How to naturally support the immune system in inflammation—essential oils as immune boosters. Biomedicines 11(9):2381

CAS  PubMed