Aitta E, Marsol-Vall A, Damerau A, Yang B (2021) Enzyme-assisted extraction of fish oil from whole fish and by-products of baltic herring (Clupea harengus membras). Foods. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods10081811

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Akanbi TO, Barrow CJ (2015) Lipase-catalysed incorporation of EPA into emu oil: formation and characterisation of new structured lipids. J Funct Foods 19:801–809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jff.2014.11.010

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Akanbi TO, Barrow CJ (2016) Lipid profiles, in vitro digestion and oxidative stability of mutton bird oil. J Food Sci Technol 53(2):1230–1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13197-015-2106-7

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Akanbi TO, Adcock JL, Barrow CJ (2013) Selective concentration of EPA and DHA using Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase is due to fatty acid selectivity and not regioselectivity. Food Chem 138(1):615–620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.007

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

AOAC Official Method 965.33. (2000) Peroxide Value in Oils and fats/Pearson's Composition and Analysis of Food 2000 641

Arifin N, Soo-Peng K, Long K, Chin-Ping T, Yusoff MSA, Oi-Ming L (2012) Modeling and optimization of Lipozyme RM IM-catalyzed esterification of medium- and long-chain triacyglycerols (MLCT) using response surface methodology. Food and Bioprocess Technology. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-010-0325-5

Article  Google Scholar 

Asadpour YA (2016) Squid (Loligo loligo): the new source to extract omega-3 and omega-6 rich marine oils | Semantic Scholar. Iran J Fish Sci 15. https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Squid-(Loligo-loligo-)%3A-The-new-source-to-extract-Asadpour/ed2faafb4e610abd9cbc4ddb5ef5d9618370a02e. Accessed 14 Oct 2025.

Baeza-Jiménez R, Miranda K, García HS, Otero C (2013) Lipase-catalyzed glycerolysis of fish oil to obtain diacylglycerols. Grasas Aceites. https://doi.org/10.3989/gya.084412

Article  Google Scholar 

Bang HO, Dyerberg J, Nielsen AB (1971) PLASMA LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN PATTERN IN GREENLANDIC WEST-COAST ESKIMOS. Lancet. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(71)91658-8

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Beyer RE (1983) A rapid biuret assay for protein of whole fatty tissues. Anal Biochem 129(2):483–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/0003-2697(83)90580-8

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bolivar JM, Woodley JM, Fernandez-Lafuente R (2022) Is enzyme immobilization a mature discipline? Some critical considerations to capitalize on the benefits of immobilization. Chem Soc Rev. https://doi.org/10.1039/d2cs00083k

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byler DM, Susi H, Regional E (1986) Examination of the secondary structure of proteins by deconvolved FTIR spectra. Biopolymers 25:469–487

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Castiglioni GZ, Bettio G, Matte CR, Jacques RA, Dos Santos Polidoro A, Rosa CA, Ayub MAZ (2020) Production of volatile compounds by yeasts using hydrolysed grape seed oil obtained by immobilized lipases in continuous packed-bed reactors. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00449-020-02334-4

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciriminna R, Meneguzzo F, Delisi R, Pagliaro M (2017) Enhancing and improving the extraction of omega-3 from fish oil. Sustain Chem Pharm 5:54–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scp.2017.03.001

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

de-la-Haba F, Antequera T, Ruiz J, Solomando JC, Pajuelo A, Pérez-Palacios T (2023) Suitability in the microencapsulation of fish oil and in vitro bioaccessibility of omega-3 fatty acids. Food Bioscience. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fbio.2023.103027

Article  Google Scholar 

Deshpande M, Sathe SK (2018) Interactions with 8-anilinonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (ANS) and surface hydrophobicity of black gram (Vigna mungo) phaseolin. J Food Sci. https://doi.org/10.1111/1750-3841.14204

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fauziah S, Trilaksani W, Nurhayati T (2024) Effectiveness of adsorbent type on graded purification of DHA-rich tuna eye oil. Jurnal Pengolahan Hasil Perikanan Indonesia, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.17844/jphpi.v27i1.48865

Fu FN, DeOliveira DB, Trumble WR, Sarkar HK, Singh BR (1994) Secondary structure estimation of proteins using the amide III region of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: application to analyze calcium-binding-induced structural changes in calsequestrin. Appl Spectrosc. https://doi.org/10.1366/0003702944028065

Article  Google Scholar 

Guliyeva AJ, Gasymov OK (2020) ANS fluorescence: potential to discriminate hydrophobic sites of proteins in solid states. Biochem Biophys Rep. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100843

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haque MA, Aldred P, Chen J, Barrow CJ, Adhikari B (2013) Comparative study of denaturation of whey protein isolate (WPI) in convective air drying and isothermal heat treatment processes. Food Chem 141(2):702–711. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.03.035

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haque MA, Aldred P, Chen J, Barrow C, Adhikari B (2014) Drying and denaturation characteristics of α ‑ lactalbumin, β ‑ lactoglobulin, and bovine serum albumin in a convective drying process. J Agric Food Chem 12(20): 4695–4706. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf405603c

Haque MA, Chen J, Aldred P, Adhikari B (2015) Drying and denaturation characteristics of whey protein isolate in the presence of lactose and trehalose. Food Chem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.064

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haque MA, Akanbi TO, Holland BJ, Sachar M, Barrow CJ (2024) Sustainable enzymatic production of omega-3 oil from squid viscera. Sustainability (Switzerland) 16(10):1–15. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16104243

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hassan HM, Mohammed SY, Elamin SM, Alraih EE, Hassan HM, Mohammed SY, Elamin SM, Alraih EE (2020) Fatty acid profiles of livers from two marine fishes inhabiting Sudanese Red Sea Coast. Food Nutr Sci 11(6)571–577. https://doi.org/10.4236/fns.2020.116040

Homaei AA, Sariri R, Vianello F, Stevanato R (2013) Enzyme immobilization : an update. J Chem Biol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12154-013-0102-9

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Joshi M, Adhikari B, Aldred P, Panozzo JF, Kasapis S (2011) Physicochemical and functional properties of lentil protein isolates prepared by different drying methods. Food Chem 129(4):1513–1522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.05.131

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Joshi A, Holland B, Sachar M, Barrow CJ (2025) Pilot-scale enzymatic conversion of low stability, high free fatty, squid oil to an oxidatively stable astaxanthin-rich acylglyceride oil suitable for nutritional applications. Mar Drugs 23(1):1–14. https://doi.org/10.3390/md23010021

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kabir MF, Ju LK (2023) On optimization of enzymatic processes: temperature effects on activity and long-term deactivation kinetics. Process Biochem. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2023.05.031

Article  Google Scholar 

Kang KY, Ahn DH, Wilkinson GT, Chun BS (2005) Extraction of lipids and cholesterol from squid oil with supercritical carbon dioxide. Korean J Chem Eng 22(3):399–405. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02719418

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Keng PS, Basri M, Ariff AB, Abdul Rahman MB, Abdul Rahman RNZ, Salleh AB (2008) Scale-up synthesis of lipase-catalyzed palm esters in stirred-tank reactor. Bioresour Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.049

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim EM, Jo JH, Oh SW, Kim YM (1997) Characteristics of squid viscera oil. J Korean Fish Soc 30(4):595–600

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kolanowski W, Laufenberg G (2006) Enrichment of food products with polyunsaturated fatty acids by fish oil addition. Eur Food Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00217-005-0089-8

Article  Google Scholar 

Kong J, Yu S (2007) Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Analysis of Protein Secondary Structures Protein FTIR Data Analysis and Band Assign- Ment 39(8):549–559

CAS  Google Scholar 

Kuo CH, Chen HH, Chen JH, Liu YC, Shieh CJ (2012) High yield of wax ester synthesized from cetyl alcohol and octanoic acid by lipozyme RMIM and novozym 435. Int J Mol Sci. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130911694

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu R, Li P, Li S, Zhuang Y, Chen S, Huang Y, Zheng Y, Xiong Y, Wang D, He M, Qin H, Yang Z (2024) Immobilized Burkholderia cepacia lipase and its application in selective enrichment of EPA by hydrolysis of fish oil. LWT 206:116598. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2024.116598

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Mariem K, Fatima B (2017) Reduction of free fatty acid content of crude sardine oil by enzymatic esterification at laboratory scale. Int J Biol Chem 11(2):23–29. https://doi.org/10.3923/ijbc.2017.23.29

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Marín-Suárez M, Méndez-Mateos D, Guadix A, Guadix EM (2019) Reuse of immobilized lipases in the transesterification of waste fish oil for the production of biodiesel. Renew Energy.