Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fuchs HE, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022;72(1):7–33.

PubMed  Google Scholar 

Van Poppel H, Albreht T, Basu P, Hogenhout R, Collen S, Roobol M. Serum PSA-based early detection of prostate cancer in Europe and globally: past, present and future. Nat Rev Urol. 2022;19(9):562–72.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mumuni S, O’Donnell C, Doody O, editors. The risk factors and screening uptake for prostate cancer: a scoping review. In: Healthcare; 2023: MDPI.

Crawford ED. Epidemiology of prostate cancer. Urology. 2003;62(6 Suppl 1):3–12.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rebello RJ, Oing C, Knudsen KE, Loeb S, Johnson DC, Reiter RE, et al. Prostate cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2021;7(1): 9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Graham NJ, Souter LH, Salami SS, editors. A systematic review of family history, race/ethnicity, and genetic risk on prostate cancer detection and outcomes: considerations in PSA-based screening. In: Urologic oncology: seminars and original investigations; 2024: Elsevier.

Shaaban EM, Ellakwa DE, Elaraby NM, Amr KS, Mohamadin AM. The effect of insulin-loaded gold and carboxymethyl chitosan nanoparticles on gene expression of glucokinase and pyruvate kinase in rats with diabetes type 1. J Food Biochem. 2022;46(12): e14447.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sundaresan VM, Smani S, Rajwa P, Renzulli J, Sprenkle PC, Kim IY, et al., editors. Prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer: diagnostic performance, clinical thresholds, and strategies for refinement. In: Urologic oncology: seminars and original investigations; 2024: Elsevier.

Ali S, Ellakwa D, Emara S, El-Sabbagh N. The role of chemerin and vaspin in Egyptian patients with viral hepatitis C. Meta Gene. 2018;18:23–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Chen R, Huang Y, Cai X, Xie L, He D, Zhou L, et al. Age-specific cutoff value for the application of percent free prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in Chinese men with serum PSA levels of 4.0–10.0 ng/ml. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(6): e0130308.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Adhyam M, Gupta AK. A review on the clinical utility of PSA in cancer prostate. Indian J Surg Oncol. 2012;3:120–9.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ali HM, Ellakwa DES, Elaraby NM, Zaher AM, Amr KS. Study the association of microRNA polymorphisms (miR-146a, miR-4513) with the risk of coronary heart diseases in Egyptian population. J Biochem Mol Toxicol. 2023;37(3): e23284. https://doi.org/10.1002/jbt.23284.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Edwards SM, Evans DG, Hope Q, Norman AR, Barbachano Y, Bullock S, et al. Prostate cancer in BRCA2 germline mutation carriers is associated with poorer prognosis. Br J Cancer. 2010;103(6):918–24.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhang KQ, Salzman SA, Reding DJ, Suarez BK, Catalona WJ, Burmester JK. Genetics of prostate cancer. Clin Med Res. 2003;1(1):21–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cooney KA, Wetzel JC, Merajver SD, Macoska JA, Singleton TP, Wojno KJ. Distinct regions of allelic loss on 13q in prostate cancer. Cancer Res. 1996;56(5):1142–5.

CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lopez-Valcarcel M, Valcarcel F, Velasco J, Zapata I, Rodriguez R, Cardona J, et al. Stereotactic ablative radiotherapy (SABR) for pelvic nodal oligorecurrence in prostate cancer. Rep Pract Oncol Radiother. 2024;29(4):445–53.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kanwal R, Plaga AR, Liu X, Shukla GC, Gupta S. Micrornas in prostate cancer: functional role as biomarkers. Cancer Lett. 2017;407:9–20.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Achard V, Putora PM, Omlin A, Zilli T, Fischer S. Metastatic prostate cancer: treatment options. Oncology. 2021;100(1):48–59.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Saad F, Fizazi K. Androgen deprivation therapy and secondary hormone therapy in the management of hormone-sensitive and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Urology. 2015;86(5):852–61.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shore ND, Morgans AK, Ryan CJ. Resetting the bar of castration resistance - understanding androgen dynamics in therapy resistance and treatment choice in prostate cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer. 2021;19(3):199–207.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pasquinelli AE. MicroRNAs and their targets: recognition, regulation and an emerging reciprocal relationship. Nat Rev Genet. 2012;13(4):271–82.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Melo SA, Esteller M. Dysregulation of micrornas in cancer: playing with fire. FEBS Lett. 2011;585(13):2087–99.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zekri A, Ghaffari SH, Ghanizadeh-Vesali S, Yaghmaie M, Salmaninejad A, Alimoghaddam K, et al. AZD1152-HQPA induces growth arrest and apoptosis in androgen-dependent prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) via producing aneugenic micronuclei and polyploidy. Tumor Biol. 2015;36(2):623–32.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ying SY, Chang DC, Lin SL. The MicroRNA. Methods Mol Biol. 2018;1733:1–25.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krol J, Loedige I, Filipowicz W. The widespread regulation of microRNA biogenesis, function and decay. Nat Rev Genet. 2010;11(9):597–610.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brodersen P, Sakvarelidze-Achard L, Bruun-Rasmussen M, Dunoyer P, Yamamoto YY, Sieburth L, et al. Widespread translational inhibition by plant miRNAs and siRNAs. Science. 2008;320(5880):1185–90.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rodriguez A, Griffiths-Jones S, Ashurst JL, Bradley A. Identification of mammalian microRNA host genes and transcription units. Genome Res. 2004;14(10a):1902–10.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Simonson B, Das S. Microrna therapeutics: the next magic bullet? Mini Rev Med Chem. 2015;15(6):467–74.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hassan RM, Elanany MG, Mostafa MM, Yousef RHA, Salem ST. Whole genome characterization of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in an Egyptian tertiary care hospital. J Microbiol Immunol Infect. 2023;56(4):802–14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lytle JR, Yario TA, Steitz JA. Target mRNAs are repressed as efficiently by microRNA-binding sites in the 5’ UTR as in the 3’ UTR. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(23):9667–72.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moretti F, Thermann R, Hentze MW. Mechanism of translational regulation by miR-2 from sites in the 5’ untranslated region or the open reading frame. RNA. 2010;16(12):2493–502.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellakwa DES, Rashed LA, Ali OS, El-Sabbagh NA. A study to determine the effect of nano-selenium and thymoquinone on the Nrf2 gene expression in Alzheimer’s disease. Future Sci OA. 2025;11(1):2458434.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ellakwa DES, Abdel-Hamid M, Ashour MSED, Khairy LES, Ali OSM. Identifying of HBV DNA in liver tissues of chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma to study the Hepatitis B virus silent infection in Egyptian patients. Ecol Genet Genom. 2021;18: 100077.

Google Scholar 

Ellakwa DE, Abdelmalek MA, Mostafa MM, Ellakwa TE, Wadan AS. Micrornas predict and modulate responses to chemotherapy in leukemic patients. Naunyn-Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2025;398(1):1–18.

Google Scholar 

Aghdam SG, Ebrazeh M, Hemmatzadeh M, Seyfizadeh N, Shabgah AG, Azizi G, et al. The role of microRNAs in prostate cancer migration, invasion, and metastasis. J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(7):9927–42.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moya L, Meijer J, Schubert S, Matin F, Batra J. Assessment of miR-98