Uribe C, Folch H, Enriquez R, Moran G. Innate and adaptive immunity in teleost fish: a review. Vet Med (Praha). 2011;56(10):486–503.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Magnadóttir B. Innate immunity of fish (overview). Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 2006;20(2):137–51.

Article  Google Scholar 

M ÁE. An overview of the immunological defenses in fish skin. Int Sch Res Not. 2012;2012(1):853470.

Google Scholar 

Ghafar NA, Jalil NAA, Kamarudin TA. Wound healing of the corneal epithelium: a review. Asian Biomed (res Rev News). 2021;15(5):199–212.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jensen LB, Wahli T, McGurk C, Eriksen TB, Obach A, Waagbø R, et al. Effect of temperature and diet on wound healing in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Fish Physiol biochem. 2015;41(6):1527–43.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sveen LR, Timmerhaus G, Krasnov A, Takle H, Handeland S, Ytteborg E. Wound healing in post-smolt Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). Sci Rep. 2019;9(1):3565.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Salinas I. The mucosal immune system of teleost fish. Biology. 2015;4(3):525–39.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Karlsen C, Ytteborg E, Timmerhaus G, Høst V, Handeland S, Jørgensen SM, et al. Atlantic salmon skin barrier functions gradually enhance after seawater transfer. Sci Rep. 2018;8(1):9510.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guardiola FA, Cuesta A, Esteban MÁ. Chapter 8 - mucosal immunology in fish. In: Monzón I, Fernandes J, editors.. Cellular and molecular approaches in fish biology. Academic Press; 2022. p. 251–84.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Yu Y, Wang Q, Huang Z, Ding L, Immunoglobulins XZ. Mucosal immunity and vaccination in teleost fish. Front Immunol. 2020;11: 2020.

Article  Google Scholar 

Krasnov A, Johny A, Ytteborg E, Afanasyev S, Selander Hansen MH, Vaadal M, et al. Atlantic salmon scale explants in bacteria-host interaction studies: in vitro challenge model. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 2025;165:110466.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Thiyagarajan DB, Stette MHS, Afzal BM, Ahluwalia BS, Agarwal K, Dalmo RA, et al. 3D imaging shows nano- and microparticles are internalized by salmon skin and corneal epithelial cells. Front Mar Sci. 2024;11.

Åsbakk K, Dalmo R. Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.) epidermal malpighian cells-motile cells clearing away latex beads in vitro. J Mar biotechnol. 1998;6:30–34.

Google Scholar 

Kong CG, Cao J, Yu J, Wang X, Xu Z. Ocular mucosal homeostasis of teleost fish provides insight into the coevolution between microbiome and mucosal immunity. Microbiome. 2024;12(1):10.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kong W, Yang P, Ding G, Cheng G, Xu Z. Elucidating the dynamic immune responses within the ocular mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) after infection with flavobacterium columnare. Front Immunol. 2023;14: 2023.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kong W, Ding G, Cheng G, Yang P, Xu Z. Mucosal immune responses to ichthyophthirius multifiliis in the ocular mucosa of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum), an ancient teleost fish. Mar Life Sci Technol. 2024;6(2):266–79.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Esteban MÁ, Cuesta A, Chaves-Pozo E, Meseguer J. Phagocytosis in Teleosts. Implications of the New cells involved. Biology. 2015;4(4):907–22.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Zhu W, Su J. Immune functions of phagocytic blood cells in teleost. Rev In aquacult. 2022;14(2):630–46.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kobayashi T, Naik S, Nagao K. Choreographing immunity in the skin epithelial barrier. Immunity. 2019;50(3):552–65.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Günther J, Seyfert H-M. The first line of defence: insights into mechanisms and relevance of phagocytosis in epithelial cells. Semin immunopathology. 2018;40(6):555–65.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bjornsdottir B, Fast MD, Sperker SA, Brown LL, Gudmundsdottir BK. Effects of moritella viscosa antigens on pro-inflammatory gene expression in an Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar Linnaeus) cell line (SHK-1). Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 2009;26(6):858–63.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ingerslev HC, Cunningham C, Wergeland HI. Cloning and expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and COX-2 in an anadromous and landlocked strain of Atlantic salmon (salmo salar L.) during the smolting period. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 2006;20(4):450–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ingerslev H-C, Rønneseth A, Pettersen EF, Wergeland HI. Differential expression of immune genes in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar L.) challenged intraperitoneally or by cohabitation with IPNV. Scand J Immunol. 2009;69(2):90–98.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Haugland GT, Rønneseth A, Gundersen L, Lunde HS, Nordland K, Wergeland HI. Neutrophils in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) are MHC class II+ and secret IL-12p40 upon bacterial exposure. Aquacult Fish. 2024;9(2):144–53.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Mensah DD, Morales-Lange B, Øverland M, Baruah K, Mydland LT. Differential expression of immune-related biomarkers in primary cultures from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) exposed to processed paecilomyces variotii with or without inactivated moritella viscosa. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 2024;148:109506.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Jenberie S, Peñaranda MMD, Thim HL, Styrvold MB, Strandskog G, Jørgensen JB, et al. Salmonid alphavirus subtype 3 induces prolonged local B cell responses in Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) after intraperitoneal infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:- 2020.

Article  Google Scholar 

Schmittgen TD, Livak KJ. Analyzing real-time PCR data by the comparative CT method. Nat protoc. 2008;3(6):1101–08.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Livak KJ, Schmittgen TD. Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2−ΔΔCT method. Methods. 2001;25(4):402–08.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bilal AM. Multimodal microscopic analysis of polystyrene microplastic (2 - 10μm)association with salmon epithelial cells from scale and cornea. 2024.

Elde CL. Studier av opptak av fiskepatogene bakterier i keratocytter fra laks og «Atlantic salmon kidney» (ASK) celler 2023.

Iger Y, Jenner HA, Bonga SEW. Cellular responses in the skin of the trout (oncorhynchus mykiss) exposed to temperature elevation. J Fish Biol. 1994;44(6):921–35.

Article  Google Scholar 

Åsbakk K. Elimination of foreign material by epidermal malpighian cells during wound healing in fish skin. J Fish Biol. 2001;58:953–66.

Article  Google Scholar 

Soliman AM, Barreda DR. The acute inflammatory response of teleost fish. Dev Comp Immunol. 2023;146:104731.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Elliott DG. THE SKIN | the many functions of fish integument. In: Farrell A, editor.. Encyclopedia of fish physiology. San Diego: Academic Press; 2011. p. 471–75.

Chapter  Google Scholar 

Midtbø HMD, Borchel A, Morton HC, Paley R, Monaghan S, Haugland GT, et al. Cell death induced by lepeophtheirus salmonis labial gland protein 3 in salmonid fish leukocytes: a mechanism for disabling host immune responses. Fish & Shellfish Immunol. 2024;154:109992.

Article  Google Scholar 

Campos-Perez JJ, Ward M, Grabowski PS, Ellis AE, Secombes CJ. The gills are an important site of iNOS expression in rainbow trout oncorhynchus mykiss after challenge with the gram-positive pathogen renibacterium salmoninarum. Immunology. 2000;99(1):153–61.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Havixbeck JJ, Barreda DR. Neutrophil development, migration, and function in teleost fish. Biol (Basel). 2015;4(4):715–34.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Bogdan C, Röllinghoff M, Diefenbach A. The role of nitric oxide in innate immunityAbstract. Immunological Rev. 2000;173(1):17–26.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Kordon AO, Karsi A, Pinchuk L. Innate immune responses in fish: antigen presenting cells and professional phagocytes. Turk J Fish Aquat Sci. 2018;18.

Smith NC, Rise ML, Christian SL. A comparison of the innate and adaptive immune systems in cartilaginous fish, Ray-finned fish, and lobe-finned fish. Front Immunol. 2019;10: 2019.