Kumar SK, Callander NS, Adekola K, Anderson LD Jr, Baljevic M, Baz R, et al. Multiple myeloma, version 2.2024, NCCN clinical practice guidelines in oncology. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2023;21:1281–301. https://doi.org/10.6004/jnccn.2023.0061.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cowan AJ, Green DJ, Kwok M, Lee S, Coffey DG, Holmberg LA, et al. Diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma: a review. JAMA. 2022;327:464–77. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2022.0003.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Avet-Loiseau H, Attal M, Moreau P, Charbonnel C, Garban F, Hulin C, et al. Genetic abnormalities and survival in multiple myeloma: the experience of the intergroupe francophone du myélome. Blood. 2007;109:3489–95. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2006-08-040410.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kosmala A, Weng AM, Krauss B, Knop S, Bley TA, Petritsch B. Dual-energy CT of the bone marrow in multiple myeloma: diagnostic accuracy for quantitative differentiation of infiltration patterns. Eur Radiol. 2018;28:5083–90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00330-018-5537-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Dimopoulos MA, Terpos E, Boccadoro M, Delimpasi S, Beksac M, Katodritou E, et al. Daratumumab plus pomalidomide and dexamethasone versus pomalidomide and dexamethasone alone in previously treated multiple myeloma (apollo): an open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2021;22:801–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00128-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van de Donk NWCJ, Pawlyn C, Yong KL. Multiple myeloma. Lancet. 2021;397:410–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00135-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Palumbo A, Avet-Loiseau H, Oliva S, Lokhorst HM, Goldschmidt H, Rosinol L, et al. Revised international staging system for multiple myeloma: a report from international myeloma working group. J Clin Oncol. 2015;33:2863–9. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.2015.61.2267.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Liu L, Qu J, Dai Y, Qi T, Teng X, Li G, et al. An interactive nomogram based on clinical and molecular signatures to predict prognosis in multiple myeloma patients. Aging. 2021;13:18442–63. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.203294.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lu W, Xu S, Tan S, Lu L, Luo M, Xiao M. Comprehensive analysis and establishment of a prognostic model based on non-genetic predictors in multiple myeloma. Cancer Biomark. 2023;38:49–59. https://doi.org/10.3233/CBM-220451.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hagen P, Zhang J, Barton K. High-risk disease in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: beyond the R-ISS and IMWG definitions. Blood Cancer J. 2022;12:83. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41408-022-00679-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hofbauer D, Mougiakakos D, Broggini L, Zaiss M, Büttner-Herold M, Bach C, et al. β2-microglobulin triggers NLRP3 inflammasome activation in tumor-associated macrophages to promote multiple myeloma progression. Immunity. 2021;54:1772–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.immuni.2021.07.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Han F, Sheng N, Sheng C, Meng J. The diagnostic and prognostic value of haematologic parameters in multiple myeloma patients. Hematology. 2023;28:2240145. https://doi.org/10.1080/16078454.2023.2240145.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schavgoulidze A, Talbot A, Perrot A, Cazaubiel T, Leleu X, Manier S, et al. Biallelic deletion of 1p32 defines ultra-high-risk myeloma, but monoallelic del(1p32) remains a strong prognostic factor. Blood. 2023;141:1308–15. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood.2022017863.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Cavo M, Terpos E, Nanni C, Moreau P, Lentzsch S, Zweegman S, et al. Role of [18F]FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis and management of multiple myeloma and other plasma cell disorders: a consensus statement by the International Myeloma Working Group. Lancet Oncol. 2017;18:e206–17. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(17)30189-4.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zamagni E, Nanni C, Dozza L, Carlier T, Bailly C, Tacchetti P, et al. Standardization of [18F]FDG-PET/CT according to Deauville criteria for metabolic complete response definition in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:116–25. https://doi.org/10.1200/JCO.20.00386.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Abe Y, Narita K, Kobayashi H, Kitadate A, Miura D, Takeuchi M, et al. Pretreatment [18F]FDG PET/CT combined with quantification of clonal circulating plasma cells as a potential risk model in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2019;46:1325–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00259-019-4275-5.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chantry A, Kazmi M, Barrington S, Goh V, Mulholland N, Streetly M, Lai M, Pratt G. British Society for Haematology Guidelines. Guidelines for the use of imaging in the management of patients with myeloma. Br J Haematol. 2017;178:380–93. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.14827.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Wan B, Zhang S, Wang P, Deng P, Dai W. Prognostic value of semi-quantitative parameters of [18F]FDG PET/CT in newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients. Ann Nucl Med. 2023;37:155–65. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12149-022-01812-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Terao T, Machida Y, Tsushima T, Miura D, arita K, Kitadate A, et al. Pre-treatment metabolic tumour volume and total lesion glycolysis are superior to conventional positron-emission tomography/computed tomography variables for outcome prediction in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in clinical practice. Br J Haematol. 2020;191:223–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjh.16633.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fonti R, Larobina M, Del Vecchio S, De Luca S, Fabbricini R, Catalano L, et al. Metabolic tumor volume assessed by [18F]FDG PET/CT for the prediction of outcome in patients with multiple myeloma. J Nucl Med. 2012;53:1829–35. https://doi.org/10.2967/jnumed.112.106500.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cui J, Zou Z, Duan J, Tang W, Li Y, Zhang L, et al. Predictive Values of PET/CT in combination with regulatory B cells for therapeutic response and survival in contemporary patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Front Immunol. 2021;12:671904. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2021.671904.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fonti R, Pellegrino S, Catalano L, Pane F, Del Vecchio S, Pace L. Visual and volumetric parameters by [18F]FDG-PET/CT: a head to head comparison for the prediction of outcome in patients with multiple myeloma. Ann Hematol. 2020;99:127–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00277-019-03852-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, Boutron I, Hoffmann TC, Mulrow CD, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews. BMJ. 2021;372:n71. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.n7.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hayden JA, van der Windt DA, Cartwright JL, Côté P, Bombardier C. Assessing bias in studies of prognostic factors. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158:280–6. https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-158-4-201302190-00009.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, Altman DG. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327:557–60. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shi L, Lin L. The trim-and-fill method for publication bias: practical guidelines and recommendations based on a large database of meta-analyses. Med (Baltim). 2019;98:e15987. https://doi.org/10.1097/MD.0000000000015987.

Article  Google Scholar 

Aljama MA, Sidiqi MH, Buadi FK, Lacy MQ, Gertz MA, Dispenzieri A, et al. Utility and prognostic value of [18F]FDG positron emission tomography-computed tomography scans in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma. Am J Hematol. 2018;93:1518–23. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25279.

Article  CAS  PubMed