Hell, S. W. & Wichmann, J. Breaking the diffraction resolution limit by stimulated emission: stimulated-emission-depletion fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 19, 780–782 (1994).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Klar, T. A. & Hell, S. W. Subdiffraction resolution in far-field fluorescence microscopy. Opt. Lett. 24, 954–956 (1999).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Klar, T. A., Jakobs, S., Dyba, M., Egner, A. & Hell, S. W. Fluorescence microscopy with diffraction resolution barrier broken by stimulated emission. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 97, 8206–8210 (2000).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Dyba, M. & Hell, S. W. Focal spots of size λ/23 open up far-field florescence microscopy at 33 nm axial resolution. Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 163901 (2002).
Dyba, M., Jakobs, S. & Hell, S. W. Immunofluorescence stimulated emission depletion microscopy. Nat. Biotechnol. 21, 1303–1304 (2003).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. et al. Spherical nanosized focal spot unravels the interior of cells. Nat. Methods 5, 539–544 (2008).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Ullal, C. K., Schmidt, R., Hell, S. W. & Egner, A. Block copolymer nanostructures mapped by far-field optics. Nano Lett. 9, 2497–2500 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Schmidt, R. et al. Mitochondrial cristae revealed with focused light. Nano Lett. 9, 2508–2510 (2009).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Hua, Y. et al. A readily retrievable pool of synaptic vesicles. Nat. Neurosci. 14, 833–839 (2011).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Siegmund, R., Werner, F., Jakobs, S., Geisler, C. & Egner, A. isoSTED microscopy with water-immersion lenses and background reduction. Biophys. J. 120, 3303–3314 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hao, X., Allgeyer, E. S., Booth, M. J. & Bewersdorf, J. Point-spread function optimization in isoSTED nanoscopy. Opt. Lett. 40, 3627–3630 (2015).
Hao, X. et al. Three-dimensional adaptive optical nanoscopy for thick specimen imaging at sub-50-nm resolution. Nat. Methods 18, 688–693 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lenz, M. O. et al. 3-D stimulated emission depletion microscopy with programmable aberration correction. J. Biophotonics 7, 29–36 (2014).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mertz, J. Introduction to Optical Microscopy (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2019).
Courchaine, E. M. et al. DMA-tudor interaction modules control the specificity of in vivo condensates. Cell 184, 3612–3625 (2021).
Zhou, L. et al. High refractive index imaging buffer for dual-color 3D SMLM imaging of thick samples. Anal. Chem. 96, 15648–15656 (2024).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang, J. et al. Deep3DSIM: super-resolution imaging of thick tissue using 3D structured illumination with adaptive optics. eLife 14, e102144 (2025).
Hao, X., Antonello, J., Allgeyer, E. S., Bewersdorf, J. & Booth, M. J. Aberrations in 4Pi microscopy. Opt. Express 25, 14049–14058 (2017).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gould, T. J., Burke, D., Bewersdorf, J. & Booth, M. J. Adaptive optics enables 3D STED microscopy in aberrating specimens. Opt. Express 20, 20998–21009 (2012).
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hu, Q. et al. Universal adaptive optics for microscopy through embedded neural network control. Light Sci. Appl. 12, 270 (2023).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuizen, R. P. J. et al. Measuring image resolution in optical nanoscopy. Nat. Methods 10, 557–562 (2013).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Barentine, A. E. S., Schroeder, L. K., Graff, M., Baddeley, D. & Bewersdorf, J. Simultaneously measuring image features and resolution in live-cell STED images. Biophys. J. 115, 951–956 (2018).
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Descloux, A., Grußmayer, K. S. & Radenovic, A. Parameter-free image resolution estimation based on decorrelation analysis. Nat. Methods 16, 918–924 (2019).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Samuelsson, A. Silicone immersion objectives answer the call for higher resolution. evidentscientific.com https://evidentscientific.com/en/learn/white-papers/silicone-immersion-objectives-for-higher-resolution (accessed 27 April 2026).
Thermo Fisher Scientific. ProLongTM diamond antifade mountant. thermofisher.com https://www.thermofisher.com/order/catalog/product/hk/en/P36961 (accessed 27 April 2026).
Gul, B., Ashraf, S., Khan, S., Nisar, H. & Ahmad, I. Cell refractive index: models, insights, applications and future perspectives. Photodiagnosis Photodyn. Ther. 33, 102096 (2021).
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
SCI Institute. SCIInstitute/fluorender. github.com https://github.com/SCIInstitute/fluorender (accessed 27 April 2026).
Antonello, J., Wang, J., He, C., Phillips, M. & Booth, M. Interferometric calibration of a deformable mirror. Zenodo https://zenodo.org/records/3714951 (2020).
Liu, X., Tu, S., Kuang, C., Liu, X. & Hao, X. Calibration of phase-only liquid-crystal spatial light modulators by diffractogram analysis. Opt. Lasers Eng. 156, 107056 (2022).
Kubitscheck, U. (ed.) Fluorescence Microscopy: From Principles to Biological Applications (Wiley-VCH, 2017).
McLaughlin, J. L. Focus-position sensing using laser speckle. Appl. Opt. 18, 1042–1045 (1979).
Comments (0)