Plantain peel extract–mediated synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: comprehensive characterization, bioinertness in vitro and in vivo, and anticancer evaluation

[1] Z. Cheng, H. Huang, M. Yin, H. Liu. Applications of liposomes and lipid nanoparticles in cancer therapy: current advances and prospects. Experimental Hematology & Oncology 14 (2025) 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-025-00602-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40164-025-00602-1

[2] F. Bray, M. Laversanne, H. Sung, J. Ferlay, R.L. Siegel, I. Soerjomataram, A. Jemal. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 74 (2024) 229-263. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21834

[3] R.L. Siegel, T.B. Kratzer, A.N. Giaquinto, H. Sung, A. Jemal. Cancer statistics, 2025. Ca: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians 75 (2025) 10. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21871 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.21871

[4] B. Deepika, G. Janani, D.J. Mercy, S. Udayakumar, V. Raghavan, J.B. Isaac, M. Shurfa, A. Girigoswami, K. Girigoswami. Assessing the Anticancer Potential of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles with Doxorubicin in a Polymeric Nanomatrix: Histopathological and Antiangiogenic Insights. ChemNanoMat 11 (2025) e202500186. https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202500186 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cnma.202500186

[5] M. Shurfa, A. Girigoswami, R.S. Devi, K. Harini, G. Agraharam, B. Deepika, P. Pallavi, K. Girigoswami. Combinatorial effect of Doxorubicin entrapped in Alginate-Chitosan hybrid polymer and Cerium oxide Nanocomposites on skin cancer management in mice. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 112 (2023) 2891-2900. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.014 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.xphs.2023.08.014

[6] A. Girigoswami, H. Adhikesavan, S. Mudenkattil, S. Devi, K. Girigoswami. Role of cerium oxide nanoparticles and doxorubicin in improving cancer management: A mini review. Current Pharma-ceutical Design 29 (2023) 2640-2654. https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128270290231029161741 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2174/0113816128270290231029161741

[7] T. Guttapalli, N.K. RK, H. RM, K. Girigoswami. rGO Decorated with ZnO Synthesized Using Clitoria ternatea Flower Extract—Characterization, In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility, and Textile Dye Remediation. Journal of Composites Science 9 (2025) 454. https://www.mdpi.com/2504-477X/9/9/454 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jcs9090454

[8] J. Anandan, R. Shanmugam, N.S. Alharbi, M. Thiruvengadam. Green-synthesized silver nanoparticles from Centella asiatica and Ayapana triplinervis: A novel approach to treating wound infections and reducing antimicrobial resistance. South African Journal of Botany 177 (2025) 617-629. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.020 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2024.12.020

[9] B. Ayyappan, B. Palani, S. Jayakodi, R. Shanmugam. Comparative In Vitro Evaluation of Antidiabetic and Antioxidant Activities of Alginate, Tannic Acid, and Their Nanoformulation. Biomedical Materials & Devices (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-025-00532-w DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-025-00532-w

[10] P. Ezati, A. Khan, T. Bhattacharya, A. Zaitoon, W. Zhang, S. Roy, J.-W. Rhim, L.-T. Lim. New opportunities and recent advances in carbon dots for sustainable and intelligent food packaging. Food and Bioprocess Technology 18 (2025) 4195-4221. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03731-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11947-024-03731-3

[11] R.U. Kannan, S.S. Geeva, S. Narayan. Design and Fabrication of pH-Sensitive Curcumin Coated Gold Nanorods as Anti-Angiogenic Targeting Nanostructures. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry 13 (2023) 286. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC133.286 DOI: https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC133.286

[12] S. Palaniraj, R. Murugesan, S. Narayan. Aprotinin–Conjugated biocompatible porous nanocomposite for dentine remineralization and biofilm degradation. Journal of the Indian Chemical Society 99 (2022) 100702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100702 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jics.2022.100702

[13] S.O. Bitire, E.C. Nwanna, T.-C. Jen. The impact of CuO nanoparticles as fuel additives in biodiesel-blend fuelled diesel engine: A review. Energy & Environment 34 (2023) 2259-2289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221089217 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0958305X221089217

[14] T. Ringu, A. Das, S. Ghosh, N. Pramanik. Exploring the potential of copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) for sustainable environmental bioengineering applications. Nanotechnology for Environmental Engineering 9 (2024) 679-707. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-024-00389-2 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s41204-024-00389-2

[15] V.S. Sousa, M.R. Teixeira. Aggregation kinetics and surface charge of CuO nanoparticles: the influence of pH, ionic strength and humic acids. Environmental Chemistry 10 (2013) 313-322. https://doi.org/10.1071/EN13001 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1071/EN13001

[16] N. Zayyoun, L. Bahmad, L. Laânab, B. Jaber. The effect of pH on the synthesis of stable Cu2O/CuO nanoparticles by sol–gel method in a glycolic medium. Applied Physics A 122 (2016) 488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0024-9 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00339-016-0024-9

[17] S. Jesumathy, M. Udayakumar, S. Suresh. Experimental study of enhanced heat transfer by addition of CuO nanoparticle. Heat and Mass Transfer 48 (2012) 965-978. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-011-0945-y DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00231-011-0945-y

[18] S. Naz, A. Gul, M. Zia, R. Javed. Synthesis, biomedical applications, and toxicity of CuO nanoparticles. Applied microbiology and biotechnology 107 (2023) 1039-1061. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12364-z DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-023-12364-z

[19] U.T. Khatoon, A. Velidandi, G.N. Rao. Copper oxide nanoparticles: synthesis via chemical reduction, characterization, antibacterial activity, and possible mechanism involved. Inorganic Chemistry Communications 149 (2023) 110372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110372 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2022.110372

[20] M. Rajkumar, S. Davis Presley, K. Girigoswami, A. Sasireka, C. Kamaraj, S. Udayakumar, P. Deepak. Development of Polyethylene Glycol–Coated CuO Nanocomposites for Enhanced Antioxidant, Antibacterial, Biocompatible and Anticancer Activities. Biomedical Materials & Devices (2025). https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-025-00623-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s44174-025-00623-8

[21] B. Raneesh, P. Visakh, Metal Oxide Nanocomposites: Synthesis and Applications, John Wiley & Sons, New Jersey, USA, 2020, p. 402. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119364726 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119364726

[22] S. Thomas, A.T. Sunny, P. Velayudhan, Colloidal metal oxide nanoparticles: synthesis, characterization and applications, Elsevier, Amsterdam, Netherlands, 2019, p. 590. https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-03725-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/C2016-0-03725-7

[23] P.S. Sharon Sofini, D.J. Mercy, V. Raghavan, J.B. Isaac, B. Deepika, S. Udayakumar, G. Janani, S. Devi, V. Kiran, A. Harini, A. Girigoswami, K. Girigoswami. Evaluation of scarless wound healing through nanohydrogel infused with selected plant extracts. Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology 100 (2024) 106118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106118 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2024.106118

[24] S.M. Uzairu, M.A. Kano. Assessment of phytochemical and mineral composition of unripe and ripe plantain (Musa paradisiaca) peels. African Journal of Food Science 15 (2021) 107-112. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2017.1680 DOI: https://doi.org/10.5897/AJFS2017.1680

[25] P. Garg, R. Garg. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of leaves and stem of Tinospora cordifolia in different solvent extract. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics 8 (2018) 259-264. https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1967 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22270/jddt.v8i5-s.1967

[26] S. Pandiarajan, S. Udayakumar, G. Janani, D.J. Mercy, B. Deepika, A. Thirumalai, A. Girigoswami, P. Jeyaraj, K. Girigoswami. Anticancer effects of biomimetic green-synthesized silver nanoparticles coated lactobacilli species against various cancer cell lines. 3 Biotech 15 (2025) 233. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-025-04393-4 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13205-025-04393-4

[27] A. Girigoswami, B. Deepika, S. Udayakumar, G. Janani, D.J. Mercy, K. Girigoswami. Peony-shaped zinc oxide nanoflower synthesized via hydrothermal route exhibits promising anticancer and anti-amyloid activity. BMC Pharmacology and Toxicology 25 (2024) 101. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-024-00830-x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40360-024-00830-x

[28] A. Ertas, M.A. Yilmaz, M. Firat. Chemical profile by LC–MS/MS, GC/MS and antioxidant activities of the essential oils and crude extracts of two Euphorbia species. Natural Product Research 29 (2015) 529-534. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.954113 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2014.954113

[29] K.I. Sinan, O.K. Etienne, A. Stefanucci, A. Mollica, M.F. Mahomoodally, S. Jugreet, G. Rocchetti, L. Lucini, A. Aktumsek, D. Montesano. Chemodiversity and biological activity of essential oils from three species from the Euphorbia genus. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 36 (2021) 148-158. https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3624 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/ffj.3624

[30] B. Salehi, M. Iriti, S. Vitalini, H. Antolak, E. Pawlikowska, D. Kręgiel, J. Sharifi-Rad, S.I. Oyeleye, A.O. Ademiluyi, K. Czopek. Euphorbia-derived natural products with potential for use in health maintenance. Biomolecules 9 (2019) 337. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080337 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/biom9080337

[31] A.I. El-Batal, G.S. El-Sayyad, F.M. Mosallam, R.M. Fathy. Penicillium chrysogenum-mediated mycogenic synthesis of copper oxide nanoparticles using gamma rays for in vitro antimicrobial activity against some plant pathogens. Journal of Cluster Science 31 (2020) 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01619-3 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10876-019-01619-3

[32] J.A. Spencer, A.L. Mock, A.G. Jacobs, M. Schubert, Y. Zhang, M.J. Tadjer. A review of band structure and material properties of transparent conducting and semiconducting oxides: Ga2O3, Al2O3, In2O3, ZnO, SnO2, CdO, NiO, CuO, and Sc2O3. Applied Physics Reviews 9 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0078037 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0078037

[33] S. Saleem, A. Khalid, Z.M. Aldhafeeri, T. Alomayri, A. Ali, A. Jabbar, M.Y. Begum, G. Kandasamy. A comparative analysis of optical and electrical properties of pure CuO and Zn doped CuO nanoparticles for optoelectronic device applications. Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 113 (2025) 213-224. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06591-7 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10971-024-06591-7

[34] Y. Fu, P. Deng, X. Li. The Effect of Particle Size of Copper Oxide (CuO) on the Heat‐Induced Catalysis Decomposition of Molecular Perovskite‐Based Energetic Material DAP‐4. Journal of Nanomaterials 2022 (2022) 9725786. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9725786 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/9725786

[35] J.A. Buledi, S. Ameen, S.A. Memon, A. Fatima, A.R. Solangi, A. Mallah, F. Karimi, S. Malakmohammadi, S. Agarwal, V.K. Gupta. An improved non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor amplified with CuO nanostructures for sensitive determination of uric acid. Open Chemistry 19 (2021) 481-491. https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0029 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1515/chem-2021-0029

[36] M. Patel, S. Mishra, R. Verma, D. Shikha. Synthesis of ZnO and CuO nanoparticles via Sol gel method and its characterization by using various technique. Discover Materials 2 (2022) 1. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-022-00022-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s43939-022-00022-6

[37] M. Shahmiri, S. Bayat, S. Kharrazi. Catalytic performance of PVP-coated CuO nanosheets under environmentally friendly conditions. RSC advances 13 (2023) 13213-13223. https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA07645D DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/D2RA07645D

[38] S.H. Sabeeh, H.A. Hussein, H.K. Judran. Synthesis of a complex nanostructure of CuO via a coupled chemical route. Materials Research Express 3 (2016) 125025. https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/3/12/125025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1088/2053-1591/3/12/125025

[39] N.A. Aziz, C.K. Sheng. Annealing dependent morphological transition, crystallinity enhancement, IR spectra and optical properties tuning of CuO nanostructure synthesized by facile precipitation for photocatalytic applications. Romanian Journal of Physics 68 (2023) 610. https://doi.org/https://rjp.nipne.ro/2023_68_3-4/RomJPhys.68.610.pdf

[40] D. Das, P. Nandi. Synthesis of CdS/GO modified ZnO heterostructure for visible light dye degradation applications. Applied surface science 570 (2021) 151260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151260 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.151260

[41] M.S. Jadhav, S. Kulkarni, P. Raikar, D.A. Barretto, S.K. Vootla, U.S. Raikar. Green biosynthesis of CuO & Ag–CuO nanoparticles from Malus domestica leaf extract and evaluation of antibacterial, antioxidant and DNA cleavage activities. New Journal of Chemistry 42 (2018) 204-213. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ02977B DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/C7NJ02977B

[42] A. El-Trass, H. ElShamy, I. El-Mehasseb, M. El-Kemary. CuO nanoparticles: Synthesis, characterization, optical properties and interaction with amino acids. Applied surface science 258 (2012) 2997-3001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.11.025 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2011.11.025

[43] İ.Y. Erdoğan, Ö. Güllü. Optical and structural properties of CuO nanofilm: Its diode application. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 492 (2010) 378-383. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.109 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2009.11.109

[44] D. Shankar, S.C. Jambagi, N. Gowda, K. Lakshmi, K. Jayanthi, V.K. Chaudhary. Effect of surface chemistry on hemolysis, thrombogenicity, and toxicity of carbon nanotube doped thermally sprayed hydroxyapatite implants. ACS Biomaterials Science & Engineering 10 (2024) 1403-1417. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00912 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00912

[45] I.P. Sæbø, M. Bjørås, H. Franzyk, E. Helgesen, J.A. Booth. Optimization of the Hemolysis Assay for the Assessment of Cytotoxicity. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24 (2023) 2914. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032914 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032914

[46] K. Amin, R.M. Dannenfelser. In vitro hemolysis: guidance for the pharmaceutical scientist. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 95 (2006) 1173-1176. https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20627 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jps.20627

[47] A.M. Sivalingam, A. Pandian, S. Rengarajan, N. Boopathy, K.R.N. Selvaraj. A comparative study of in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos synthesized CuO nanoparticles characterized from Salacia reticulata. Environmental Geochemistry and Health 46 (2024) 311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02104-1 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-024-02104-1

[48] G. Sabeena, S. Rajaduraipandian, E. Pushpalakshmi, A.A. Hisham, G. Annadurai. Green and chemical synthesis of CuO nanoparticles: A comparative study for several in vitro bioactivities and in vivo toxicity in zebrafish embryos. Journal of King Saud University-Science 34 (2022) 102092. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102092 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102092

[49] V.A. Arzumanian, O.I. Kiseleva, E.V. Poverennaya. The curious case of the HepG2 cell line: 40 years of expertise. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22 (2021) 13135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313135 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222313135

[50] K.T. Kitchin, J.A. Richards, B.L. Robinette, K.A. Wallace, N.H. Coates, B.T. Castellon, E.A. Grulke. Biochemical effects of copper nanomaterials in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells. Cell Biology and Toxicology 39 (2023) 2311-2329. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-022-09720-6 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10565-022-09720-6

[51] M. Younas, M. Zubair, M. Rizwan, M.A. Khan, K.M. Hussaini, R. Mumtaz, M. Azeem, T. Abbas, M.A. Irshad, S. Ali. Synthesis and characterization of cerium, silver and copper oxide nanoparticles and their anticancer potential of hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cancer cells. Journal of Molecular Structure 1288 (2023) 135756. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135756 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2023.135756

Comments (0)

No login
gif