Zijlstra EE, van de Sande WW, Welsh O, Mahgoub el S, Goodfellow M, Fahal AH (2016) Mycetoma: a unique neglected tropical disease. Lancet Infect Dis 16(1):100–112
Van de Sande WWJ (2013) Global burden of human mycetoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 7(11):e2550
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Welsh O, Al-Abdely HM, Salinas-Carmona MC, Fahal AH (2014) Mycetoma medical therapy. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 8(10):e3218
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Welsh O, Sauceda E, Gonzalez J, Ocampo J (1987) Amikacin alone and in combination with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in the treatment of actinomycotic mycetoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 17(3):443–448
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fahal AH, Ahmed ES, Bakhiet SM, Bakhiet OE, Fahal LA, Mohamed AA, Mohamedelamin ESW, Bahar MEN, Attalla HY, Siddig EE, Mhmoud NA, Musa AM, van de Sande WWJ, Scherrer B, Oyieko P, Egondi TW, Onyango KO, Hata K, Chu WY, Dorlo TPC, Bruggemann RJ, Nyaoke BA, Strub-Wourgaft N, Zijlstra EE (2024) Two dose levels of once-weekly fosravuconazole versus daily itraconazole in combination with surgery in patients with eumycetoma in Sudan: a randomised, double-blind, phase 2, proof-of-concept superiority trial. Lancet Infect Dis 24(11):1254–1265
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH (2024) An updated list of eumycetoma causative agents and their differences in grain formation and treatment response. Clin Microbiol Rev 37(2):e0003423
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
WHO (2022) In: Diseases NT (ed) Target product profile for a rapid test for diagnosis of mycetoma at primary health-care level. WHO, Geneva, pp 1–16
Hay R, Denning DW, Bonifaz A, Queiroz-Telles F, Beer K, Bustamante B, Chakrabarti A, Chavez-Lopez MG, Chiller T, Cornet M, Estrada R, Estrada-Chavez G, Fahal A, Gomez BL, Li R, Mahabeer Y, Mosam A, Soavina Ramarozatovo L, Rakoto Andrianarivelo M, Rapelanoro Rabenja F, van de Sande W, Zijlstra EE (2019) The diagnosis of fungal neglected tropical diseases (Fungal NTDs) and the role of investigation and laboratory tests: an expert consensus report. Trop Med Infect Dis 4(4):122
Siddig EE, Nyuykonge B, Mhmoud NA, Abdallah OB, Bahar MEN, Ahmed ES, Nyaoke B, Zijlstra EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet SM, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ (2023) Comparing the performance of the common used eumycetoma diagnostic tests. Mycoses 66(5):420–429
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Siddig EE, Mhmoud NA, Bakhiet SM, Abdallah OB, Mekki SO, El Dawi NI, Van de Sande W, Fahal AH (2019) The Accuracy of Histopathological and Cytopathological Techniques in the Identification of the Mycetoma Causative Agents. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 13(8):e0007056
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ahmed AO, Mukhtar MM, Kools-Sijmons M, Fahal AH, de Hoog S, van den Ende BG, Zijlstra EE, Verbrugh H, Abugroun ES, Elhassan AM, van Belkum A (1999) Development of a species-specific PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis procedure for identification of Madurella mycetomatis. J Clin Microbiol 37(10):3175–3178
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lim W, Siddig E, Eadie K, Nyuykonge B, Ahmed S, Fahal A, Verbon A, Smit S, van de Sande WW (2020) The development of a novel diagnostic PCR for Madurella mycetomatis using a comparative genome approach. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(12):e0008897
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Arastehfar A, Lim W, Daneshnia F, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH, Desnos-Ollivier M, de Hoog GS, Boekhout T, Ahmed SA (2020) Madurella real-time PCR, a novel approach for eumycetoma diagnosis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 14(1):e0007845
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hashizume H, Taga S, Sakata MK, Hussein M, Siddig EE, Minamoto T, Fahal AH, Kaneko S (2023) Environmental detection of eumycetoma pathogens using multiplex real-time PCR for soil DNA in Sennar State, Sudan. Trop Med Health 51(1):71
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wang S, Wang P, Liu J, Yang C, Li T, Yang J, Gu L, Wei M (2023) Molecular detection of Nocardia: development and application of a real-time PCR assay in sputum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 42(7):865–872
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Siddig EE, van de Sande WWJ, Fahal AH (2021) Actinomycetoma laboratory-based diagnosis: a mini-review. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 115(4):355–363
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Diongue K, Dione J-N, Diop A, Kabtani J, Diallo MA, L’Ollivier C, Seck MC, Ndiaye M, Badiane AS, Ndiaye D, Ranque S (2024) Direct 16S/ITS rRNA Gene PCR followed by sanger sequencing for detection of mycetoma causative agents in Dakar, Senegal: a pilot study among patients with mycetoma attending. Aristide Le Dantec University Hospital. Research Square preprint
Salipante SJ, Sengupta DJ, Hoogestraat DR, Cummings LA, Bryant BH, Natividad C, Thielges S, Monsaas PW, Chau M, Barbee LA, Rosenthal C, Cookson BT, Hoffman NG (2013) Molecular diagnosis of Actinomadura madurae infection by 16S rRNA deep sequencing. J Clin Microbiol 51(12):4262–4265
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Steingrube VA, Wilson RW, Brown BA, Jost KC Jr., Blacklock Z, Gibson JL, Wallace RJ Jr. (1997) Rapid identification of clinically significant species and taxa of aerobic actinomycetes, including Actinomadura, Gordona, Nocardia, Rhodococcus, Streptomyces, and Tsukamurella isolates, by DNA amplification and restriction endonuclease analysis. J Clin Microbiol 35(4):817–822
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
IAEA (2025) Dozens of Countries Receive COVID-19 Testing Equipment from the IAEA. IAEA. https://www.iaea.org/newscenter/pressreleases/dozens-of-countries-receive-covid-19-testing-equipment-from-the-iaea. Cited 01-07-2025 2025
Ahmed AO, Abugroun ES (1998) Unexpected high prevalence of secondary bacterial infection in patients with mycetoma. J Clin Microbiol 36(3):850–851
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Siddig EE, Verbon A, Bakhiet S, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ (2022) The developed molecular biological identification tools for mycetoma causative agents: An update. Acta Trop 225:106205
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Vera-Cabrera L, Molina-Torres CA, Crane AE, Cantu-Alvarez MG, Aguilera-Valenciano MA, Gallardo-Rocha A, Escalante-Fuentes WG, Ocampo-Candiani J, Avanzi C (2025) Actinomadura welshii sp. nov., a New Mycetoma Agent in Mexico. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 19(4):e0013016
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Watson AK, Kepplinger B, Bakhiet SM, Mhmoud NA, Chapman J, Allenby NE, Mickiewicz K, Goodfellow M, Fahal AH, Errington J (2022) Systematic whole-genome sequencing reveals an unexpected diversity among actinomycetoma pathogens and provides insights into their antibacterial susceptibilities. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(7):e0010128
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Smit S, Derks MF, Bervoets S, Fahal A, van Leeuwen W, van Belkum A, van de Sande WW (2016) Genome Sequence of Madurella mycetomatis mm55, Isolated from a Human Mycetoma Case in Sudan. Genome Announc 4(3):e00418-16
Konings M, van den Gerrits B, Raats MWJ, Fahal AH, van de Sande WWJ, Hagen F (2024) Complete Genome Sequence of the Itraconazole Decreased Susceptible Madurella fahalii Type-Strain CBS 129176. Mycopathologia 189(1):6
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Litvintseva AP, Bakhiet S, Gade L, Wagner DD, Bagal UR, Batra D, Norris E, Rishishwar L, Beer KD, Siddig EE, Mhmoud NA, Chow NA, Fahal A (2022) Genomics and metagenomics of Madurella mycetomatis, a causative agent of black grain mycetoma in Sudan. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 16(11):e0010787
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yoshioka I, Fahal AH, Kaneko S, Cao W, Yaguchi T (2025) Itraconazole resistance in Madurella fahalii linked to a distinct homolog of the gene encoding cytochrome P450 14-alpha sterol demethylase (CYP51). PLoS Negl Trop Dis 19(3):e0012623
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bradshaw MJ, Aime MC, Rokas A, Maust A, Moparthi S, Jellings K, Pane AM, Hendricks D, Pandey B, Li Y, Pfister DH (2023) Extensive intragenomic variation in the internal transcribed spacer region of fungi. iScience 26(8):107317
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
de Melo T, Gedge A, Simmons DBD, Desaulniers JP, Kirkwood AE (2025) Optimizing RT-qPCR multiplex assays for simultaneous detection of enteric and respiratory viruses in wastewater. J Water Health 23(4):546–560
Ahmed A, Hagelnur AA, Eltigani HF, Siddig EE (2023) Cutaneous tuberculosis of the foot clinically mimicking mycetoma: A case report. Clin Case Rep 11(5):e7295
Comments (0)