Younossi ZM, Golabi P, Paik JM, Henry A, Van Dongen C, Henry L. The global epidemiology of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH): a systematic review. Hepatology. 2023;77(4):1335–1347
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Miao L, Targher G, Byrne CD, Cao Y-Y, Zheng M-H. Current status and future trends of the global burden of MASLD. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2024;35(8):697–707
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Mak L-Y, Liu K, Chirapongsathorn S, Yew KC, Tamaki N, Rajaram RB, et al. Liver diseases and hepatocellular carcinoma in the Asia-Pacific region: burden, trends, challenges and future directions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;21(12):834–851
Rumgay H, Arnold M, Ferlay J, Lesi O, Cabasag CJ, Vignat J, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer in 2020 and predictions to 2040. J Hepatol. 2022;77(6):1598–1606
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sagnelli E, Macera M, Russo A, Coppola N, Sagnelli C. Epidemiological and etiological variations in hepatocellular carcinoma. Infection. 2020;48(1):7–17
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wang X, Zhang L, Dong B. Molecular mechanisms in MASLD/MASH-related HCC. Hepatology. 2025;82(5):1303–1324
Fu S, Groothuismink ZM, Balderramo D, Mattos AZ, Hoppe L, Carrera E, et al. Genetic risk score correlates with immune profile and risk of HCC and cirrhosis development in Hispanics with MASLD. JHEP Reports. 2025;7(10): 101508
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Murray CJ, Aravkin AY, Zheng P, Abbafati C, Abbas KM, Abbasi-Kangevari M, et al. Global burden of 87 risk factors in 204 countries and territories, 1990–2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet. 2020;396(10258):1223–1249
Toh MR, Wong EYT, Wong SH, Ng AWT, Loo LH, Chow PK, et al. Global epidemiology and genetics of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gastroenterology. 2023;164(5):766–782
Lazarus JV, Newsome PN, Francque SM, Kanwal F, Terrault NA, Rinella ME. Reply: A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature. Hepatology. 2024;79(3):E93–E94
Song SJ, Lai JC, Wong GL, Wong VW, Yip TC. Can we use old NAFLD data under the new MASLD definition? J Hepatol. 2024;80(2):e54–e56
Romeo S, Kozlitina J, Xing C, Pertsemlidis A, Cox D, Pennacchio LA, et al. Genetic variation in PNPLA3 confers susceptibility to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Genet. 2008;40(12):1461–1465
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Letouzé E, Shinde J, Renault V, Couchy G, Blanc J-F, Tubacher E, et al. Mutational signatures reveal the dynamic interplay of risk factors and cellular processes during liver tumorigenesis. Nat Commun. 2017;8(1): 1315
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vilar-Gomez E, Gawrieh S, Vuppalanchi R, Kettler C, Pike F, Samala N, et al. PNPLA3 rs738409, environmental factors and liver-related mortality in the US population. J Hepatol. 2025;82(4):571–581
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Choi S, Kim BK, Yon DK, Lee SW, Lee HG, Chang HH, et al. Global burden of primary liver cancer and its association with underlying aetiologies, sociodemographic status, and sex differences from 1990–2019: a DALY-based analysis of the Global Burden of Disease 2019 study. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2023;29(2): 433
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Collaborators GBDCoD. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):2100–2132
Wu P, Wang Y, Cohen JC, Hobbs HH. Tissue-specific regulation of PNPLA3 promotes lipid remodeling in response to dietary and environmental challenges: tissue-specific PNPLA3 lipid remodeling. J Hepatol (2026)
Gellert‐Kristensen H, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg‐Hansen A, Stender S. High risk of fatty liver disease amplifies the alanine transaminase–lowering effect of a HSD17B13 variant. Hepatology. 2020;71(1):56–66
Wu N, Li J, Zhang J, Yuan F, Yu N, Zhang F, et al. Waist circumference mediates the association between rs1260326 in GCKR gene and the odds of lean NAFLD. Sci Rep. 2023;13(1):6488
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ma Y, Zuo S, Lo T, Phan D, Finley T, Mackay A, et al. Genetic variations in GCKR and PNPLA3 regulate metabolic balance across the liver. Diabetes. 2025;74(7):1300–1309
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Shiina S, Maikhuu J, Deng Q, Batsaikhan T, Canseco LM, Tobari M, et al. Liver disease trends in the Asia-Pacific region for the next 50 years. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2025.0043
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ding J, Wang H. Multiple interactive factors in hepatocarcinogenesis. Cancer Lett. 2014;346(1):17–23
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yang F, Hilakivi-Clarke L, Shaha A, Wang Y, Wang X, Deng Y, et al. Metabolic reprogramming and its clinical implication for liver cancer. Hepatology. 2023;78(5):1602–1624
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yu J, Shen J, Sun TT, Zhang X, Wong N. Obesity, insulin resistance, NASH and hepatocellular carcinoma. Paper presented at: Seminars in cancer biology (2013)
Meex RC, Watt MJ. Hepatokines: linking nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2017;13(9):509–520
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Huang DQ, Zhang Z, Dorajoo R, Khor CC, Pham YTH, Wang R, et al. PNPLA3 genotype and clinical factors impact hepatocellular carcinoma risk: findings from a prospective cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2026. https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.70532
Larter CZ, Yeh MM, Haigh WG, Van Rooyen DM, Brooling J, Heydet D, et al. Dietary modification dampens liver inflammation and fibrosis in obesity‐related fatty liver disease. Obesity Silver Spring. 2013;21(6):1189–1199
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Lisa M, Jonathan M, Miranda L, Bhangdia K, Crist A, Penberthy L, et al. The Global, Regional and National burden of cancer, 1990–2023, with forecasts to 2050: a systematic analysis fort the global burden of disease study. THE LANCET. 2023;2025:1–22
Zhou M, Shen H. Forecasting the global burden of disease to 2050. Lancet. 2024;403(10440):1961–1963
Huang J, Lok V, Ngai CH, Chu C, Patel HK, Thoguluva Chandraseka V, et al. Disease burden, risk factors, and recent trends of liver cancer: a global country-level analysis. Liver Cancer. 2021;10(4):330–345
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mohamad B, Shah V, Onyshchenko M, Elshamy M, Aucejo F, Lopez R, et al. Characterization of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) patients without cirrhosis. Hep Intl. 2016;10(4):632–639
Ertle J, Dechêne A, Sowa JP, Penndorf V, Herzer K, Kaiser G, et al. Non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease progresses to hepatocellular carcinoma in the absence of apparent cirrhosis. Int J Cancer. 2011;128(10):2436–2443
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bianco C, Jamialahmadi O, Pelusi S, Baselli G, Dongiovanni P, Zanoni I, et al. Non-invasive stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma risk in non-alcoholic fatty liver using polygenic risk scores. J Hepatol. 2021;74(4):775–782
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Golabi P, Paik JM, AlQahtani S, Younossi Y, Tuncer G, Younossi ZM. Burden of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asia, the Middle East and North Africa: data from Global Burden of Disease 2009-2019. J Hepatol. 2021;75(4):795–809
Comments (0)