Rumgay H, Ferlay J, de Martel C, Georges D, Ibrahim AS, Zheng R, et al. Global, regional and national burden of primary liver cancer by subtype. Eur J Cancer. 2022;161:108–18.
Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024 May-Jun;74(3):229–63.
Kanwal F, Kramer J, Asch SM, Chayanupatkul M, Cao Y, El-Serag HB. Risk of hepatocellular cancer in HCV patients treated with direct-acting antiviral agents. Gastroenterology. 2017;153(4):996-e10051.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chang MH, Chen CJ, Lai MS, Hsu HM, Wu TC, Kong MS, et al. Universal hepatitis B vaccination in Taiwan and the incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma in children. Taiwan Childhood Hepatoma Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1997;336(26):1855–9.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Singal AG, Llovet JM, Yarchoan M, Mehta N, Heimbach JK, Dawson LA, et al. AASLD Practice Guidance on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepatology. 2023;78(6):1922–65.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hou JL, Zhao W, Lee C, Hann HW, Peng CY, Tanwandee T, et al. Outcomes of long-term treatment of chronic HBV infection with entecavir or other agents from a randomized trial in 24 countries. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2020;18(2):457-67.e21.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Yip TC, Wong VW, Chan HL, Tse YK, Lui GC, Wong GL. Tenofovir is associated with lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma than entecavir in patients with chronic HBV infection in China. Gastroenterology. 2020;158(1):215-e256.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Reig M, Forner A, Rimola J, Ferrer-Fàbrega J, Burrel M, Garcia-Criado Á, et al. BCLC strategy for prognosis prediction and treatment recommendation: the 2022 update. J Hepatol. 2022;76(3):681–93.
Park JW, Chen M, Colombo M, Roberts LR, Schwartz M, Chen PJ, et al. Global patterns of hepatocellular carcinoma management from diagnosis to death: the BRIDGE study. Liver Int. 2015;35(9):2155–66.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sharma P, Goswami S, Raychaudhuri D, Siddiqui BA, Singh P, Nagarajan A, et al. Immune checkpoint therapy-current perspectives and future directions. Cell. 2023;186(8):1652–69.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Liu T, Li Q, Lin Z, Wang P, Chen Y, Fu Y, et al. Viral infections and the efficacy of PD-(L)1 inhibitors in virus-related cancers: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and hepatocellular carcinoma. Int Immunopharmacol. 2021;100:108128.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kudo M. Selection of systemic treatment regimen for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma: Does etiology matter? Liver Cancer. 2022;11(4):283–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yang C, Zhang H, Zhang L, Zhu AX, Bernards R, Qin W, et al. Evolving therapeutic landscape of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(4):203–22.
Yang Y, Wen F, Li J, Zhang P, Yan W, Hao P, et al. A high baseline HBV load and antiviral therapy affect the survival of patients with advanced HBV-related HCC treated with sorafenib. Liver Int. 2015;35(9):2147–54.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Miao L, Zhang Z, Ren Z, Tang F, Li Y. Obstacles and coping strategies of CAR-T cell immunotherapy in solid tumors. Front Immunol. 2021;12:687822.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Marin-Acevedo JA, Dholaria B, Soyano AE, Knutson KL, Chumsri S, Lou Y. Next generation of immune checkpoint therapy in cancer: New developments and challenges. J Hematol Oncol. 2018;11(1):39.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lang-Meli J, Neumann-Haefelin C, Thimme R. Immunotherapy and therapeutic vaccines for chronic HBV infection. Curr Opin Virol. 2021;51:149–57.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Munn DH, Bronte V. Immune suppressive mechanisms in the tumor microenvironment. Curr Opin Immunol. 2016;39:1–6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sharma P, Allison JP. Immune checkpoint targeting in cancer therapy: toward combination strategies with curative potential. Cell. 2015;161(2):205–14.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kim PS, Ahmed R. Features of responding T cells in cancer and chronic infection. Curr Opin Immunol. 2010;22(2):223–30.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hakim MS, Rahmadika N, Jariah ROA. Expressions of inhibitory checkpoint molecules in acute and chronic HBV and HCV infections: implications for therapeutic monitoring and personalized therapy. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30(2):e2094.
Dumolard L, Aspord C, Marche PN, Macek Jilkova Z. Immune checkpoints on T and NK cells in the context of HBV infection: landscape, pathophysiology and therapeutic exploitation. Front Immunol. 2023;14:1148111.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Zheng Q, Sun Q, Yao H, Shi R, Wang C, Ma Z et al. Single-cell landscape identifies the immunophenotypes and microenvironments of HBV-positive and HBV-negative liver cancer. Hepatol Commun. 2024;8(2).
Cronin SJ, Penninger JM. From T-cell activation signals to signaling control of anti-cancer immunity. Immunol Rev. 2007;220:151–68.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Moreno-Cubero E, Larrubia JR. Specific CD8(+) T cell response immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma and viral hepatitis. World J Gastroenterol. 2016;22(28):6469–83.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kumar P, Bhattacharya P, Prabhakar BS. A comprehensive review on the role of co-signaling receptors and Treg homeostasis in autoimmunity and tumor immunity. J Autoimmun. 2018;95:77–99.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Costa JP, de Carvalho A, Paiva A, Borges O. Insights into immune exhaustion in chronic hepatitis B: a review of checkpoint receptor expression. Pharmaceuticals Basel. 2024;17(7):964.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rakké YS, Buschow SI, Jnm IJ, Sprengers D. Engaging stimulatory immune checkpoint interactions in the tumour immune microenvironment of primary liver cancers - how to push the gas after having released the brake. Front Immunol. 2024;15:1357333.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Agata Y, Kawasaki A, Nishimura H, Ishida Y, Tsubata T, Yagita H, et al. Expression of the PD-1 antigen on the surface of stimulated mouse T and B lymphocytes. Int Immunol. 1996;8(5):765–72.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Jubel JM, Barbati ZR, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. The role of PD-1 in acute and chronic infection. Front Immunol. 2020;11:487.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ok CY, Young KH. Targeting the programmed death-1 pathway in lymphoid neoplasms. Cancer Treat Rev. 2017;54:99–109.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wu Y, Chen W, Xu ZP, Gu W. PD-L1 distribution and perspective for cancer immunotherapy-blockade, knockdown, or inhibition. Front Immunol. 2019;10:2022.
Comments (0)