Molecular Insights into the Detection and Genotyping of

Hasan MF, Harun AB, Hossain D, Bristi SZT, Uddin AHMM, Karim MR. Toxoplasmosis in animals and humans: a neglected zoonotic disease in Bangladesh. J Parasit Dis. 2024;48:189–200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01664-4.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Dixon B, Favennec L, van der Giessen J, Kniel KE, Lalonde L, Gomez Marin J, et al. FAO expert meeting on microbiological risk assessment of protozoan parasites in foods: Executive Summary. Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; 2025.

Google Scholar 

Al-Malki ES. Toxoplasmosis: stages of the protozoan life cycle and risk assessment in humans and animals for an enhanced awareness and an improved socio-economic status. Saudi J Biol Sci Elsevier. 2021;28:962–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ahaduzzaman M, Hasan T. Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in sheep and goats from different geographical regions of the world: systematic review and meta-analysis. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2022;69:3790–822. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.14753.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Belluco S, Mancin M, Conficoni D, Simonato G, Pietrobelli M, Ricci A. Investigating the determinants of Toxoplasma gondii prevalence in meat: A systematic review and meta-regression. PLoS ONE Public Libr Sci. 2016;11. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0153856.

Bokaba RP, Dermauw V, Morar-Leather D, Dorny P, Neves L. Toxoplasma gondii in African Wildlife: A Systematic Review. Pathogens. MDPI; 2022. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens11080868.

Blagojević M, Marković-Denić L, Štajner T. Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii infection in the world and Serbia. Med Podml. 2024;75:29–34. https://doi.org/10.5937/mp75-42549. Centre for Evaluation in Education and Science (CEON/CEES).

Article  Google Scholar 

Amouei A, Sarvi S, Sharif M, Aghayan SA, Javidnia J, Mizani A, et al. A systematic review of Toxoplasma gondii genotypes and feline: geographical distribution trends. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1111/tbed.13340.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Hosseini SA, Amouei A, Sharif M, Sarvi S, Galal L, Javidnia J, et al. Human toxoplasmosis: A systematic review for genetic diversity of Toxoplasma gondii in clinical samples. Epidemiol Infect. Cambridge University Press; 2019. p. 147. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0950268818002947.

Uddin AHM, Hossain D, Ahsan MI, Atikuzzaman M, Karim MR. Review on diagnosis and molecular characterization of Toxoplasma gondii in humans and animals. Trop Biomed. 2022;38. https://doi.org/10.47665/tb.38.4.091.

Okay TS, Yamamoto L, Oliveira LC, Manuli ER, Junior HF, de Negro A. Significant performance variation among PCR systems in diagnosing congenital toxoplasmosis in São Paulo, Brazil: analysis of 467 amniotic fluid samples. Clin São Paulo Braz. 2009;64:171–6. https://doi.org/10.1590/s1807-59322009000300004.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fadel EF, El-Hady HA, Ahmed AM, Tolba MEM. Molecular diagnosis of human toxoplasmosis: the state of the art. J Parasit Dis Off Organ Indian Soc Parasitol India. 2024;48:201–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-024-01667-1.

Article  Google Scholar 

Targa LS, dos Santos EH, Yamamoto L, Barreira GA, Rodrigues KA, Rocha MC, et al. Toxoplasma gondii SAG2, SAG3 and GRA6 alleles and single nucleotide polymorphism in congenital infections with known parasite load and clinical outcome. Rev Inst Med Trop São Paulo SciELO Brasil. 2023;65:e8.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Su C, Shwab EK, Zhou P, Zhu XQ, Dubey JP. Moving towards an integrated approach to molecular detection and identification of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasitology. 2010. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0031182009991065.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ajzenberg D, Collinet F, Mercier A, Vignoles P, Dardé M-L. Genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii isolates with 15 microsatellite targets in a single multiplex PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol Am Soc Microbiol. 2010;48:4641–5.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hiszczyńska-Sawicka E, Olędzka G, Holec-Gąsior L, Li H, Xu JB, Sedcole R, et al. Evaluation of immune responses in sheep induced by DNA immunization with genes encoding GRA1, GRA4, GRA6 and GRA7 antigens of Toxoplasma gondii. Vet Parasitol. 2011;177:281–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.11.047.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Veronesi F, Santoro A, Milardi GL, Diaferia M, Branciari R, Miraglia D, et al. Comparison of PCR assays targeting the multi-copy targets B1 gene and 529 bp repetitive element for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in swine muscle. Food Microbiol. 2017;63:213–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fm.2016.11.022.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kim M, Park SJ, Park H. Trend in serological and molecular diagnostic methods for Toxoplasma gondii infection. Eur J Med Res. 2024;29:520, 520. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40001-024-02055-4.

Rostami A, Karanis P, Fallahi S. Advances in serological, imaging techniques and molecular diagnosis of Toxoplasma gondii infection. infection. Springer. 2018;46:303–15.

CAS  Google Scholar 

Park JY, Kim KI, Joh SJ, Kang JY, Kwon JH, Lee HS, et al. Development of a highly sensitive single-tube nested PCR protocol directed toward the sequence of virion envelope proteins for detection of white spot syndrome virus infection: Improvement of PCR methods for detection of WSSV. Aquaculture Elsevier. 2013;410:225–9.

Article  Google Scholar 

Bourdin C, Busse A, Kouamou E, Touafek F, Bodaghi B, Hoang PL, et al. PCR-based detection of Toxoplasma gondii DNA in blood and ocular samples for diagnosis of ocular toxoplasmosis. J Clin Microbiol. 2014;52:3987–91. https://doi.org/10.1128/jcm.01793-14.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Valian HK, Mirhendi H, Mohebali M, Shojaee S, Fallahi S, Jafari R, et al. Comparison of the RE-529 sequence and B1 gene for Toxoplasma gondii detection in blood samples of the at-risk seropositive cases using uracil DNA glycosylase supplemented loop-mediated isothermal amplification (UDG-LAMP) assay. Microb Pathog. 2020;140:103938, 103938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103938.

Liu Q, Wang ZD, Huang SY, Zhu XQ. Diagnosis of toxoplasmosis and typing of Toxoplasma gondii. Parasit Vectors BioMed Cent Ltd. 2015. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-015-0902-6.

Article  Google Scholar 

Almeida J, Melo R, Pedrosa C, Santos M, Barros L, Garcia JL, et al. First isolation and RFLP genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous—Linnaeus, 1766). Acta Trop. 2017;169:26–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2017.01.010.

Rather HA, Din MM, Sheikh AA, Tewari AK, Maharana BR. PCR–RFLP based genotyping of Indian isolates of Toxoplasma gondii. J Parasit Dis. 2017;41:551–6. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12639-016-0849-3.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Alfonso Y, Fraga J, Gonzalez Z, Jiménez N, Borrero Y, Cox R. Multiplex PCR to detect T. gondii infection based on B1 gene and 529 bp repetitive element. J AIDS Clin Res. 2015;6:2.

Article  Google Scholar 

Fallahi S, Tabaei SJS, Pournia Y, Zebardast N, Kazemi B. Comparison of loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and nested-PCR assay targeting the RE and B1 gene for detection of Toxoplasma gondii in blood samples of children with leukaemia. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis Elsevier. 2014;79:347–54.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Ji M-J, Cho H-C, Park Y-J, Jang D-H, Park J, Choi K-S. Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Blood Samples of Domestic Livestock in the Republic of Korea. Pathogens [Internet]. 2023;12. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens12040547.

Shatleh-Rantisi D, Tamimi A, Ashhab Y. Improving sensitivity of single tube nested PCR to detect fastidious microorganisms. Heliyon. Elsevier;; 2020. p. 6.

Teixeira LE, Kanunfre KA, Shimokawa PT, Targa LS, Rodrigues JC, Domingues W, et al. The performance of four molecular methods for the laboratory diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis in amniotic fluid samples. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop SciELO Brasil. 2013;46:584–8.

Article  Google Scholar 

Zhang Q, Wang J, Deng F, Yan Z, Xia Y, Wang Z, et al. TqPCR: A touchdown qPCR assay with significantly improved detection sensitivity and amplification efficiency of SYBR Green qPCR. PLoS ONE Public Libr Sci. 2015;10. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0132666.

Engel L, Hamedy A, Koethe M. Direct detection and quantification of Toxoplasma gondii in meat samples from feral raccoons (Procyon lotor) in Germany by magnetic-capture real-time PCR. Parasitol Res Springer. 2023;122:307–13.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mehta N. RT-qPCR Made Simple: A Comprehensive Guide on the Methods, Advantages, Disadvantages, and Everything in Between. Undergrad Res Nat Clin Sci Technol J. 2022;6:1–6.

Google Scholar 

Lau YL, Meganathan P, Sonaimuthu P, Thiruvengadam G, Nissapatorn V, Chen Y. Specific, sensitive, and rapid diagnosis of active toxoplasmosis by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method using blood samples from patients. J Clin Microbiol Am Soc Microbiol. 2010;48:3698–702.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sun HC, Fu Y, Yuan XF, Li JX, Xu LH, Zhang JN, et al. Molecular detection and genotyping of Toxoplasma gondii from pigs for human consumption in Zhejiang and Jiangsu Provinces, Eastern China. Foodborne Pathog Dis. 2022;19:686–92. https://doi.org/10.1089/fpd.2022.0036.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Crego-Vicente B, Olmo MDD, Muro A, Fernández-Soto P. Multiplexing LAMP Assays: A Methodological Review and Diagnostic Application. Int J Mol Sci MDPI. 2024;25:6374.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Moehling TJ, Choi G, Dugan LC, Salit M, Meagher RJ. LAMP diagnostics at the point-of-care: emerging trends and perspectives for the developer community. Expert Rev Mol Diagn Taylor Francis. 2021;21:43–61.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Robert MG, Brenier-Pinchart M-P, Garnaud C, Fricker-Hidalgo H, Pelloux H. Molecular diagnosis of toxoplasmosis: recent advances and a look to the future. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther Taylor Francis. 2021;19:1529–42.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Losada M, Cabezas P, Castro-Nallar E, Crandall KA. Pathogen typing in the genomics era: MLST and the future of molecular epidemiology. Infect Genet Evol. 2013;16:38–53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2013.01.009.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schürch AC, Arredondo-Alonso S, Willems RJL, Goering RV. Whole genome sequencing options for bacterial strain typing and epidemiologic analysis based on single nucleotide polymorphism versus gene-by-gene–based approaches. Clin Microbiol Infect Elsevier BV. 2018;24:350–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2017.12.016.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Yucesan B, Kilic S, Alçıgır M, Babur C, Özkan Ö. Histopathological, Immunohistochemical and Molecular Detection of Toxoplasma gondii in Organs and Tissues of Experimentally Infected Mice. J Hell Vet Med Soc. 2024;75:7339–50. https://doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.34354.

Article 

Comments (0)

No login
gif