Corrò C, Novellasdemunt L, Li VSW. A brief history of organoids. Am J Physiol-Cell Physiol. 2020;319:C151–65. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpcell.00120.2020.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yin X, Mead BE, Safaee H, Langer R, Karp JM, Levy O. Engineering stem cell organoids. Cell Stem Cell. 2016;18:25–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2015.12.005.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wilson HV. A new method by which sponges may be artificially reared. Science. 1907;25:912–5. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.25.649.912.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weiss P, Taylor AC. Reconstitution of complete organs from single-cell suspensions of chick embryos in advanced stages of differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci. 1960;46:1177–85. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.46.9.1177.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sato T, Vries RG, Snippert HJ, Van De Wetering M, Barker N, Stange DE, et al. Single Lgr5 stem cells build crypt-villus structures in vitro without a mesenchymal niche. Nature. 2009;459:262–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07935.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rahmani S, Breyner NM, Su H-M, Verdu EF, Didar TF. Intestinal organoids: a new paradigm for engineering intestinal epithelium in vitro. Biomaterials. 2019;194:195–214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.12.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee J, Van Der Valk WH, Serdy SA, Deakin C, Kim J, Le AP, et al. Generation and characterization of hair-bearing skin organoids from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Protoc. 2022;17:1266–305. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-022-00681-y.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Miller AJ, Dye BR, Ferrer-Torres D, Hill DR, Overeem AW, Shea LD, et al. Generation of lung organoids from human pluripotent stem cells in vitro. Nat Protoc. 2019;14:518–40. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41596-018-0104-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Li X, Zhang L, Tang F, Wei X. Retinal organoids: cultivation, differentiation, and transplantation. Front Cell Neurosci. 2021;15:638439. https://doi.org/10.3389/fncel.2021.638439.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grenier K, Kao J, Diamandis P. Three-dimensional modeling of human neurodegeneration: brain organoids coming of age. Mol Psychiatry. 2020;25:254–74. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41380-019-0500-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhu X, Zhang B, He Y, Bao J. Liver organoids: formation strategies and biomedical applications. Tissue Eng Regen Med. 2021;18:573–85. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13770-021-00357-w.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Nishinakamura R. Human kidney organoids: progress and remaining challenges. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2019;15:613–24. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41581-019-0176-x.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lewis-Israeli YR, Wasserman AH, Gabalski MA, Volmert BD, Ming Y, Ball KA, et al. Self-assembling human heart organoids for the modeling of cardiac development and congenital heart disease. Nat Commun. 2021;12:5142. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-25329-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Drost J, Clevers H. Organoids in cancer research. Nat Rev Cancer. 2018;18:407–18. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41568-018-0007-6.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Drost J, Karthaus WR, Gao D, Driehuis E, Sawyers CL, Chen Y, et al. Organoid culture systems for prostate epithelial and cancer tissue. Nat Protoc. 2016;11:347–58. https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2016.006.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Boj SF, Hwang C-I, Baker LA, Chio IIC, Engle DD, Corbo V, et al. Organoid Models of Human and Mouse Ductal Pancreatic Cancer. Cell. 2015;160:324–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.12.021.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Gao D, Vela I, Sboner A, Iaquinta PJ, Karthaus WR, Gopalan A, et al. Organoid Cultures Derived from Patients with Advanced Prostate Cancer. Cell. 2014;159:176–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2014.08.016.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sachs N, De Ligt J, Kopper O, Gogola E, Bounova G, Weeber F, et al. A Living Biobank of Breast Cancer Organoids Captures Disease Heterogeneity. Cell. 2018;172:373–e38610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.010.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verissimo CS, Overmeer RM, Ponsioen B, Drost J, Mertens S, Verlaan-Klink I, et al. Targeting mutant RAS in patient-derived colorectal cancer organoids by combinatorial drug screening. Elife. 2016;5:e18489. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.18489.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vlachogiannis G, Hedayat S, Vatsiou A, Jamin Y, Fernández-Mateos J, Khan K, et al. Patient-derived organoids model treatment response of metastatic gastrointestinal cancers. Science. 2018;359:920–6. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aao2774.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garcez PP, Loiola EC, Madeiro Da Costa R, Higa LM, Trindade P, Delvecchio R, et al. Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids. Science. 2016;352:816–8. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf6116.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ettayebi K, Crawford SE, Murakami K, Broughman JR, Karandikar U, Tenge VR, et al. Replication of human noroviruses in stem cell–derived human enteroids. Science. 2016;353:1387–93. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaf5211.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lancaster MA, Renner M, Martin C-A, Wenzel D, Bicknell LS, Hurles ME, et al. Cerebral organoids model human brain development and microcephaly. Nature. 2013;501:373–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12517.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shinozawa T, Kimura M, Cai Y, Saiki N, Yoneyama Y, Ouchi R, et al. High-fidelity drug-induced liver injury screen using human pluripotent stem cell–derived organoids. Gastroenterology. 2021;160:831-846.e10. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2020.10.002.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Takebe T, Sekine K, Enomura M, Koike H, Kimura M, Ogaeri T, et al. Vascularized and functional human liver from an iPSC-derived organ bud transplant. Nature. 2013;499:481–4. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12271.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Fordham RP, Yui S, Hannan NRF, Soendergaard C, Madgwick A, Schweiger PJ, et al. Transplantation of expanded fetal intestinal progenitors contributes to colon regeneration after injury. Cell Stem Cell. 2013;13:734–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stem.2013.09.015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pang M-J, Burclaff JR, Jin R, Adkins-Threats M, Osaki LH, Han Y, et al. Gastric organoids: progress and remaining challenges. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;13:19–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.09.005.