https://www.iea.org/reports/world-energy-outlook-2024, Licence: CC BY 4.0 (report); CC BY NC SA 4.0 (Annex A).

M.I. Blanco, The economics of wind energy. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 13, 1372–1382 (2009)

Article  Google Scholar 

I. Yüksel et al., Hydropower for sustainable water and energy development. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 14, 462–469 (2010)

Article  Google Scholar 

I.B. Fridleifsson, Geothermal energy for the benefit of the people. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 5, 299–312 (2001)

Article  Google Scholar 

C.B. Field, Biomass energy: the scale of the potential resources, Trends Ecol. Evol. 23(2), https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2007.12.001

B. Parida, A review of solar photovoltaic technologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15, 1625–1716 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439

Article  Google Scholar 

K. S. Novoselov, A. Mishchenko, A. Carvalho, and A. H. Castro Neto, 2D materials and van der Waals heterostructures. Sci. 353(6298), aac9439 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aac9439

K. Ranabhat et al., An introduction to solar cell technology. J. Appl. Eng. Sci. 14(4), 405 (2016). https://doi.org/10.5937/jaes14-10879

Article  Google Scholar 

O. Vigil-Galán, M. Courel, J.A. Andrade-Arvizu et al., Route towards low cost-high efficiency second generation solar cells: current status and perspectives. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 26, 5562–5573 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10854-014-2196-4

Article  Google Scholar 

S. Ananthakumar, J.R. Kumar, S.M. Babu, Third-Generation Solar Cells: Concept, Materials and Performance-An Overview, in Emerging nanostructured materials for energy and environmental science. Environmental chemistry for a sustainable world, vol. 23, ed. by S. Rajendran, M. Naushad, K. Raju, R. Boukherroub (Springer, Cham, 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04474-9_7

Chapter  Google Scholar 

M. Chhowalla, Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) nanosheets. Chem. Soc. Rev. 44, 2584–2586 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1039/c5cs90037a

Article  Google Scholar 

Z. Yin, J. Zhu, Q. He, X. Cao, C. Tan, H. Chen, Q. Yan, H. Zhang, Graphene-based materials for solar cell applications, Adv. Energy Mater. 4(1), 1300574. https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.20130057

F. Schwierz, Graphene transistors. Nat. Nanotechnol. 5, 487–496 (2010)

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

E. Singh et al., Atomically thin-layered molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) for bulkheterojunction solar cells. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 9, 3223–3245 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.6b13582

Article  Google Scholar 

T. Hasan, Wu, Sun, Lombardo, T.S. Kulmala, G. Hsieh, S. Jung, F. Bonaccorso, P.J. Paul, D. Chu, A.C. Ferrari, Inkjet-printed Graphene Electronics. ACS Nano, 6, 2992−3006 (2012)

S.Y. Kim et al., Limiting effects of conduction band offset and defect states on high efficiency CZTSSe solar cell. Nano Energy 45, 75–83 (2018).

Article  Google Scholar 

M.D. Haque et al., Numerical analysis for the efficiency enhancement of MoS2 solar cell: a simulation approach by SCAPS-1D. Opt. Mater. 131, 112678 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-025-02788-3

Article  Google Scholar 

M.H. Ali et al., Performance enhancement of an MoS2-based heterojunction solar cell with an In2Te3 back surface field: a numerical simulation approach. ACS Omega 8, 7017–7029 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.2c07846

Article  Google Scholar 

A.K. Sharma, A. Srivastava, P.K. Jha, K. Sangani, N.K. Chourasia, R.K. Chourasia, Comprehensive spectroscopic investigation of MoS2 -solarcells with exclusive Zn3P2 as HTL having least lattice mismatches for 32.55% PCE. Adv. Theory Simul. 8, 2401237 (2025). https://doi.org/10.1002/adts.202401237

Article  Google Scholar 

A.K. Patel, R. Mishra, S.K. Soni, Performance enhancement of CIGS solar cell with two dimensional MoS2 hole transport layer. Micro Nanostruct. 165, 207195 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.micrna.2022.207195

Article  Google Scholar 

V.C. Karade, J.S. Jang et al., Bandgap engineering in CZTSSe thin films via controlling S/(S+Se) ratio. Curr. Photovolt. Res. 11(3), 67–74 (2023). https://doi.org/10.21218/CPR.2023.11.3.067

Article  Google Scholar 

R. Aruna-Devi, M. Latha et al., Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 thin-films prepared from selenized nanocrystals ink. RSC Adv. 9, 18420–18428 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02669

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

J. Andrade-Arvizu, V. Izquierdo-Roca et al., Is it possible to develop complex S−Se graded band gap profiles in kesterite-based solar cells? ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 11, 32945–32956 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.9b09813

Article  Google Scholar 

K. Pandey, A.K. Patel, R. Mishra, Improvement of CZTSSe solar cell performance with MoS2. Proc. Environ. Sci. Eng. Manag. 10(1), 53–59 (2023)

Google Scholar 

Sadanand, D.K. Dwivedi, Modeling of CZTSSe solar photovoltaic cell for window layer optimization. Optik 222, 165407 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2020.165407

Article  Google Scholar 

A. Ghosh et al., A comprehensive study on electron and hole transport layers for designing and optimizing the efficiency of MoSe2-Based solar cells using numerical simulation techniques. Heliyon 10(16), e35061 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e35061

Article  Google Scholar 

M. Semlal et al., Optimization of a high-efficiency solar cell based on the transition metal dichalcogenide WSe2, MoTe2 and MoSe2 using SCAPS-1D, Springer. J Opt. 54 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12596-025-02788-3

J. Al Mahmud et al., Design and optimization of WS2 based high performance double absorber solar cell. Phys. Scr. 99, 025960 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/ad1d3f

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

A. Cherouana, R. Labbani, Study of CZTS and CZTSSe solar cells for buffer layers selection. Appl. Surf. Sci. 424, 251–255 (2017)

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

J. Xiao et al., Enhanced performance of a monolayer MoS2/WSe2 heterojunction as a photoelectrochemical cathode. Nano-Micro Lett. 10, 60 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40820-018-0212-6. ((0123456789().,-volV)(0123456789().,-volV))

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

M. Dey, M.F. Shahriar, A. Ali, M. Dey, N.K. Das, Design and optimization of an efficient molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) solar cell with tin sulfide BSF. In: 2019 International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Engineering (ECCE), pp. 1–5, (2019). https://doi.org/10.1109/ECACE.2019.8679178

A. Ghosh et al., A theoretical investigation of MoS2-based solar cells with CdS electron transport layer and V2O5 hole transport layer for boosting performance. Mater. Sci. Eng. B 307, 117521 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mseb.2024.117521

Article  Google Scholar 

J.Y. Kwak, Absorption coefficient estimation of thin MoS2 film using attenuation of silicon substrate Raman signal. Results Phys. 13, 102202 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.102202

Article  Google Scholar 

B. Vet, M. Zeman, Relation between the open-circuit voltage and the band gap of absorber and buffer layers in a-Si:H solar cells. Thin Solid Films 516, 6873–6876 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsf.2007.12.050

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

V. Kumar, R. Srivastava, A.K. Sharma, Y.K. Prajapati, Enhanced photovoltaic performance of lead-free Cs₂SnI₆ double perovskite solar cells: SCAPS-1D simulation and optimization. Phys. Scr. 100(105017), 2025 (2025)

Google Scholar 

S. Chauhan, A.K. Sharma, N.S. Singha, A.K. Patel, and Y.K., Prajapati, Simulation of ZnO (window layer)-ZnS (buffer)-SDL-CIGS (absorber)-Sb2S3 (back surface field layer) solar cell design achieving 35.82% power conversion efficiency with low thermal effect. J. Opt., pp.1–9 (2025)

V. Iberi et al., Nanoforging single layer MoSe2 through defect engineering with focused helium ion beams. Sci. Rep. 6, 1–9 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/srep30481

Article  Google Scholar 

A. Eftekhari, Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) for energy storage, catalysis, and optoelectronics. Appl. Mater. Today 8, 1–17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmt.2017.01.006

Article  Google Scholar 

H. Min, M. Kim, S.-U. Lee, H. Kim, G. Kim, K. Choi, J.H. Lee, Sang, Efficient, stable solar cells by using inherent bandgap of a-phase formamidinium lead iodide. Science 366, 749–753 (2019)

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

M. Haris, Z. Ullah, S. Lee, D.H. Ryu, S.U. Ryu, B. Kang, N. Jeon, B. Kim, T. Park, W.S. Shin, C.E. Song, Amplifying high‐performance organic solar cells through differencing interactions of solid additive with donor/acceptor materials processed from non‐halogenated solvent (Adv. Energy Mater. 35/2024). Adv. Energy Mater. (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/aenm.202470144

Article  Google Scholar 

Y. Wang et al., “Lattice mismatch at the heterojunction of perovskite solar cells. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 63, e202405878 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.202405878

Article  Google Scholar 

A. Koma, Van der Waals epitaxy—a new epitaxial growth method for a highly lattice-mismatched system. Thin Solid Films 216(1), 72–76 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1016/0040-6090(92)90872-9

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

F. Ohuchi, B. Parkinson, K. Ueno, A. Koma, Van der Waals epitaxial growth and characterization of MoSe2 thin films on SnS2. J. Appl. Phys. 68, 2168–2175 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.346574

Article  ADS  Google Scholar 

M. Moustafa, T. Al Zoubi, S. Yasin, Numerical analysis of the role of p-MoSe2 interfacial layer in CZTSe thin-film solar cells using SCAPS simulation. Optik 247, 167885 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2021.167885

Article  Google Scholar 

C. Yan, J. Huang, K. Sun, S. Johnston, Y. Zhang, H. Sun, A. Pu, M. He, F. Liu, K. Eder et al., Strategic review of interface carrier recombination in thin-film solar cells: mechanisms, origins, and passivation. J. Mater. Chem. A 5, 9553–9580 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10543b

Article