Solmi M, Seitidis G, Mavridis D, Correll CU, Dragioti E, Guimond S, et al. Incidence, prevalence, and global burden of schizophrenia - data, with critical appraisal, from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019. Mol Psychiatry. 2023;28:5319–27.
Kadakia A, Catillon M, Fan Q, Williams GR, Marden JR, Anderson A, et al. The economic burden of schizophrenia in the United States. J Clin Psychiatry. 2022;83:43278.
Hjorthøj C, Stürup AE, McGrath JJ, Nordentoft M. Years of potential life lost and life expectancy in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:295–301.
Kalisova L, Michalec J, Dechterenko F, Silhan P, Hyza M, Chlebovcova M, et al. Impact of cognitive performance and negative symptoms on psychosocial functioning in Czech schizophrenia patients. Schizophrenia. 2023;9:1–8.
Galderisi S, Kaiser S, Bitter I, Nordentoft M, Mucci A, Sabé M, et al. EPA guidance on treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Eur Psychiatry. 2021;64:e21.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Feber L, Peter N, Schneider-Thoma J, Siafis S, Bighelli I, Hansen WP, et al. Antipsychotic drugs and their effects on cognitive function: protocol for a systematic review, pairwise, and network meta-analysis. Syst Rev. 2023;12:54.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Siddiqi SH, Taylor SF, Cooke D, Pascual-Leone A, George MS, Fox MD. Distinct Symptom-Specific Treatment Targets for Circuit-Based Neuromodulation. Am J Psychiatry. 2020;177:435–46.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Beynel L, Powers JP, Appelbaum LG. Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on resting-state connectivity: A systematic review. NeuroImage. 2020;211:116596.
MacKay MAB, Paylor JW, Wong JTF, Winship IR, Baker GB, Dursun SM. Multidimensional connectomics and treatment-resistant schizophrenia: linking phenotypic circuits to targeted therapeutics. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:537. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00537.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bègue I, Kaiser S, Kirschner M. Pathophysiology of negative symptom dimensions of schizophrenia – current developments and implications for treatment. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2020;116:74–88.
Marzouk T, Winkelbeiner S, Azizi H, Malhotra AK, Homan P. Transcranial magnetic stimulation for positive symptoms in schizophrenia: a systematic review. Neuropsychobiology. 2019;79:384–96.
Brady RO, Gonsalvez I, Lee I, Öngür D, Seidman LJ, Schmahmann JD, et al. Cerebellar-prefrontal network connectivity and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. Am J Psychiatry. 2019;176:512–20.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yi S, Wang Q, Wang W, Hong C, Ren Z. Efficacy of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative symptoms and cognitive functioning in schizophrenia: an umbrella review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Psychiatry Res. 2024;333:115728.
Hyde J, Carr H, Kelley N, Seneviratne R, Reed C, Parlatini V, et al. Efficacy of neurostimulation across mental disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis of 208 randomized controlled trials. Mol Psychiatry. 2022;27:2709–19.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cash RFH, Cocchi L, Lv J, Fitzgerald PB, Zalesky A. Functional magnetic resonance imaging–guided personalization of transcranial magnetic stimulation treatment for depression. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:337–9.
Cash RFH, Zalesky A. Personalized and circuit-based transcranial magnetic stimulation: evidence, controversies, and opportunities. Biol Psychiatry. 2024;95:510–22.
Cao Z, Xiao X, Zhao Y, Jiang Y, Xie C, Paillère-Martinot ML, et al. Targeting the pathological network: Feasibility of network-based optimization of transcranial magnetic stimulation coil placement for treatment of psychiatric disorders. Front Neurosci. 2023;16:1079078.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wischnewski M, Mantell KE, Opitz A. Identifying regions in prefrontal cortex related to working memory improvement: a novel meta-analytic method using electric field modeling. Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2021;130:147.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wischnewski M, Berger TA, Opitz A. Meta-modeling the effects of anodal left prefrontal transcranial direct current stimulation on working memory performance. Imaging Neurosci. 2024;2:1–14.
Yachou Y, Bouaziz N, Makdah G, Senova YS, Januel D, Pelissolo A, et al. Transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with depression: an electric field modeling meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2025;374:540–52.
Johnson KA, Baig M, Ramsey D, Lisanby SH, Avery D, McDonald WM, et al. Prefrontal rTMS for treating depression: location and intensity results from the OPT-TMS Multi-Site Clinical Trial. Brain Stimul. 2012;6:108.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hedges LV. Distribution theory for glass’s estimator of effect size and related estimators. J Educ Behav Stat. 1981;6:107–28.
DerSimonian R, Laird N. Meta-analysis in clinical trials. Control Clin Trials. 1986;7:177–88.
Article PubMed CAS Google Scholar
Lorentzen R, Nguyen TD, McGirr A, Hieronymus F, Østergaard SD. The efficacy of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) for negative symptoms in schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Schizophrenia. 2022;8:35.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Thielscher A, Antunes A, Saturnino GB Field modeling for transcranial magnetic stimulation: A useful tool to understand the physiological effects of TMS? In: 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC). 2015. pp. 222–5. https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7318340.
Fonov V, Evans AC, Botteron K, Almli CR, McKinstry RC, Collins DL. Unbiased average age-appropriate atlases for pediatric studies. NeuroImage. 2011;54:313–27.
Cho JY, Van Hoornweder S, Sege CT, Antonucci MU, McTeague LM, Caulfield KA. Template MRI scans reliably approximate individual and group-level tES and TMS electric fields induced in motor and prefrontal circuits. Front Neural Circuits. 2023;17:1214959.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Grant IS, Phillips WR. Electromagnetism. London, New York: John Wiley & Sons; 2013. pp. 555.
Created in BioRender. Bègue, I (2025) https://BioRender.com/u11j722; https://BioRender.com/6jcblo4; https://BioRender.com/2b1iwv8; https://BioRender.com/me9iwnb; https://BioRender.com/vdki2sf; https://BioRender.com/gxqbukn.
Carr DB, Littlefield RJ, Nicholson WL, Littlefield JS. Scatterplot matrix techniques for large N. J Am Stat Assoc. 1987;82:424–36.
Huhn M, Nikolakopoulou A, Schneider-Thoma J, Krause M, Samara M, Peter N, et al. Comparative efficacy and tolerability of 32 oral antipsychotics for the acute treatment of adults with multi-episode schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2019;394:939–51.
Article PubMed PubMed Central CAS Google Scholar
Tseng PT, Zeng BS, Hung CM, Liang CS, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, et al. Assessment of noninvasive brain stimulation interventions for negative symptoms of schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2022;79:770–9.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Kishi T, Ikuta T, Sakuma K, Hamanaka S, Nishii Y, Hatano M, et al. Theta burst stimulation protocols for schizophrenia: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7:e2441159–e2441159.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vita A, Barlati S, Ceraso A, Nibbio G, Ariu C, Deste G, et al. Effectiveness, core elements, and moderators of response of cognitive remediation for schizophrenia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78:848–58.
Lefebvre S, Gehrig G, Nadesalingam N, Nuoffer MG, Kyrou A, Wüthrich F, et al. The pathobiology of psychomotor slowing in psychosis: altered cortical excitability and connectivity. Brain J Neurol. 2024;147:1423–35.
Comments (0)