Ruff CC, Fehr E. The neurobiology of rewards and values in social decision making. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2014;15:549–62.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Frost R, McNaughton N. The neural basis of delay discounting: A review and preliminary model. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 2017;79:48–65.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mischel W, Shoda Y, Rodriguez MI. Delay of gratification in children. Science. 1989;244:933–8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Madden GJ, Johnson PSA delay-discounting primer. Impulsivity: The behavioral and neurological science of discounting. American Psychological Association: Washington, DC, US, 2010, pp 11-37.

Gershman SJ, Bhui R. Rationally inattentive intertemporal choice. Nat Commun. 2020;11:3365.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Shamosh NA, Deyoung CG, Green AE, Reis DL, Johnson MR, Conway AR, et al. Individual differences in delay discounting: relation to intelligence, working memory, and anterior prefrontal cortex. Psychol Sci. 2008;19:904–11.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yoon YB, Jung WH Impact of impulsivity on the relationship of the brain structures with school performance. npj Science of Learning 2025; 10.

Yoon YB, Jung WH The role of the ventral striatum in the relationship between impulsive decision-making and emotional self-regulation by cognitive reappraisal. Scientific Reports 2025; 15.

Odum AL. Delay discounting: I’m a k, you’re a k. J Exp Anal Behav. 2011;96:427–39.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Teuscher U, Mitchell SH. Relation Between Time Perspective and Delay Discounting: A Literature Review. The Psychological Record. 2011;61:613–32.

Article  Google Scholar 

Story GW, Vlaev I, Seymour B, Darzi A, Dolan RJ. Does temporal discounting explain unhealthy behavior? A systematic review and reinforcement learning perspective. Front Behav Neurosci. 2014;8:76.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amlung M, Marsden E, Holshausen K, Morris V, Patel H, Vedelago L, et al. Delay Discounting as a Transdiagnostic Process in Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019;76:1176–86.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lempert KM, Steinglass JE, Pinto A, Kable JW, Simpson HB. Can delay discounting deliver on the promise of RDoC? Psychol Med. 2019;49:190–9.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steinglass JE, Lempert KM, Choo TH, Kimeldorf MB, Wall M, Walsh BT, et al. Temporal discounting across three psychiatric disorders: Anorexia nervosa, obsessive compulsive disorder, and social anxiety disorder. Depress Anxiety. 2017;34:463–70.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Krause-Utz A, Cackowski S, Daffner S, Sobanski E, Plichta MM, Bohus M, et al. Delay discounting and response disinhibition under acute experimental stress in women with borderline personality disorder and adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Med. 2016;46:3137–49.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jackson JNS, MacKillop J. Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Monetary Delay Discounting: A Meta-Analysis of Case-Control Studies. Biological Psychiatry: Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging. 2016;1:316–25.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Amlung M, Vedelago L, Acker J, Balodis I, MacKillop J. Steep delay discounting and addictive behavior: a meta-analysis of continuous associations. Addiction. 2017;112:51–62.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Moeller FG, Barratt ES, Dougherty DM, Schmitz JM, Swann AC. Psychiatric Aspects of Impulsivity. American Journal of Psychiatry. 2001;158:1783–93.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Steinglass JE, Figner B, Berkowitz S, Simpson HB, Weber EU, Walsh BT. Increased capacity to delay reward in anorexia nervosa. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18:773–80.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bickel WK, Odum AL, Madden GJ Impulsivity and Cigarette Smoking: Delay Discounting in Current, Never, and Ex-Smokers. Psychopharmacology 1999.

Wilson VB, Mitchell SH, Musser ED, Schmitt CF, Nigg JT. Delay discounting of reward in ADHD: application in young children. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2011;52:256–64.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Laibson D. Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting. The Quarterly Journal of Economics. 1997;112:443–77.

Article  Google Scholar 

Mazur JE An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. The effect of delay and of intervening events on reinforcement value. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc: Hillsdale, NJ, US, 1987, pp 55-73.

Kirby KN, Maraković NN. Modeling Myopic Decisions: Evidence for Hyperbolic Delay-Discounting within Subjects and Amounts. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes. 1995;64:22–30.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ho TH, Lim N, Camerer CF. Modeling the Psychology of Consumer and Firm Behavior with Behavioral Economics. Journal of Marketing Research. 2006;43:307–31.

Article  Google Scholar 

Kable JW, Glimcher PW. The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice. Nat Neurosci. 2007;10:1625–33.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee S, Glaze CM, Bradlow ET, Kable JW. Flexible Utility Function Approximation via Cubic Bezier Splines. Psychometrika. 2020;85:716–37.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Loganathan K, Lv J, Cropley V, Ho ETW, Zalesky A. Associations Between Delay Discounting and Connectivity of the Valuation-control System in Healthy Young Adults. Neuroscience. 2021;452:295–310.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Curtis CE, D’Esposito M. The effects of prefrontal lesions on working memory performance and theory. Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci. 2004;4:528–39.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Rosenkilde CE. Functional heterogeneity of the prefrontal cortex in the monkey: a review. Behav Neural Biol. 1979;25:301–45.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ciaramelli E, De Luca F, Kwan D, Mok J, Bianconi F, Knyagnytska V et al. The role of ventromedial prefrontal cortex in reward valuation and future thinking during intertemporal choice. Elife 2021; 10.

Bartra O, McGuire JT, Kable JW. The valuation system: a coordinate-based meta-analysis of BOLD fMRI experiments examining neural correlates of subjective value. Neuroimage. 2013;76:412–27.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Olson EA, Collins PF, Hooper CJ, Muetzel R, Lim KO, Luciana M. White Matter Integrity Predicts Delay Discounting Behavior in 9- to 23-Year-Olds: A Diffusion Tensor Imaging Study. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience. 2009;21:1406–21.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wouter van den B, Christian AR, Julie BS, Samuel MM. Connectivity Strength of Dissociable Striatal Tracts Predict Individual Differences in Temporal Discounting. The Journal of Neuroscience. 2014;34:10298.

Article  Google Scholar 

van den Bos W, Rodriguez CA, Schweitzer JB, McClure SM. Adolescent impatience decreases with increased frontostriatal connectivity. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2015;112:E3765–3774.

PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jung WH, Kim E. White matter-based brain network topological properties associated with individual impulsivity. Scientific Reports. 2023;13:22173.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wesley MJ, Bickel WK. Remember the Future II: Meta-analyses and Functional Overlap of Working Memory and Delay Discounting. Biological Psychiatry. 2014;75:435–48.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peper JS, Mandl RCW, Braams BR, de Water E, Heijboer AC, Koolschijn PCMP, et al. Delay Discounting and Frontostriatal Fiber Tracts: A Combined DTI and MTR Study on Impulsive Choices in Healthy Young Adults. Cerebral Cortex. 2013;23:1695–702.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

van den Bos W, Rodriguez CA, Schweitzer JB, McClure SM. Connectivity strength of dissociable striatal tracts predict individual differences in temporal discounting. J Neurosci. 2014;34:10298–310.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central