Canè S, Geiger R, Bronte V. The roles of arginases and arginine in immunity. Nat Rev Immunol. 2025;25(4):266–84. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-024-01098-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peranzoni E, Marigo I, Dolcetti L, Ugel S, Sonda N, Taschin E, et al. Role of arginine metabolism in immunity and immunopathology. Immunobiology. 2008;212(9):795–812. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imbio.2007.09.008.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Sowers ML, Tang H, Singh VK, Khan A, Mishra A, Restrepo BI, et al. Multi-OMICs analysis reveals metabolic and epigenetic changes associated with macrophage polarization. J Biol Chem. 2022;298(10):102418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbc.2022.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kim JK, Park EJ, Jo EK. Itaconate, arginine, and Gamma-Aminobutyric acid: A host metabolite triad protective against mycobacterial infection. Front Immunol. 2022;13:832015. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2022.832015.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Scott JA, Grasemann H. Arginine metabolism in asthma. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am. 2014;34(4):767–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iac.2014.07.007.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zinellu A, Mangoni AA, Arginine. Transsulfuration, and folic acid pathway metabolomics in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Cells. 2023;12(17):2180. https://doi.org/10.3390/cells12172180.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Trimarco V, Izzo R, Lombardi A, Coppola A, Fiorentino G, Santulli G. Beneficial effects of L-Arginine in patients hospitalized for COVID-19: New insights from a randomized clinical trial. Pharmacol Res, 2023, 191: 106702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106702

Zou Z, Cheng Q, Zhou J, Guo C, Hadjinicolaou AV, Salio M et al. ATF4-SLC7A11-GSH axis mediates the acquisition of immunosuppressive properties by activated CD4(+) T cells in low arginine condition. Cell Rep, 2024, 43(4): 113995. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113995.

Martí ILAA, Reith W. Arginine-dependent immune responses. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78(13):5303–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018-021-03828-4.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Niedbala W, Wei XQ, Campbell C, Thomson D, Komai-Koma M, Liew FY. Nitric oxide preferentially induces type 1 T cell differentiation by selectively up-regulating IL-12 receptor beta 2 expression via cGMP. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2002;99(25):16186–91. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.252464599.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Uehara EU, Shida Bde S, de Brito CA. Role of nitric oxide in immune responses against viruses: beyond microbicidal activity. Inflamm Res. 2015;64(11):845–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-015-0857-2.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhang R, Li Q, Chuang PY, Lu G, Liu R, Yang J, et al. Regulation of pathogenic Th17 cell differentiation by IL-10 in the development of glomerulonephritis. Am J Pathol. 2013;183(2):402–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.05.001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lee SW, Choi H, Eun SY, Fukuyama S, Croft M. Nitric oxide modulates TGF-beta-directive signals to suppress Foxp3 + regulatory T cell differentiation and potentiate Th1 development. J Immunol. 2011;186(12):6972–80. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1100485.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee M, Rey K, Besler K, Wang C, Choy J. Immunobiology of nitric oxide and regulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. Results Probl Cell Differ. 2017;62:181–207. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-54090-0_8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Carriche GM, Almeida L, Stüve P, Velasquez L, Dhillon-LaBrooy A, Roy U, et al. Regulating T-cell differentiation through the polyamine spermidine. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2021;147(1):335–e348311. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2020.04.037.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Puleston DJ, Zhang H, Powell TJ, Lipina E, Sims S, Panse I, et al. Autophagy is a critical regulator of memory CD8(+) T cell formation. Elife. 2014;3:e03706. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.03706.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Madeo F, Eisenberg T, Pietrocola F, Kroemer G. Spermidine in health and disease. Science. 2018;359(6374):eaan2788. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aan2788.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Di Biase S, Ma X, Wang X, Yu J, Wang YC, Smith DJ, et al. Creatine uptake regulates CD8 T cell antitumor immunity. J Exp Med. 2019;216(12):2869–82. https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20182044.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Pegg AE. The function of spermine. IUBMB Life. 2014;66(1):8–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/iub.1237.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Morris SM. Jr. Recent advances in arginine metabolism: roles and regulation of the arginases. Br J Pharmacol. 2009;157(6):922–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2009.00278.x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Kieler M, Hofmann M, Schabbauer G. More than just protein Building blocks: how amino acids and related metabolic pathways fuel macrophage polarization. Febs J. 2021;288(12):3694–714. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.15715.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Fang FC, Vázquez-Torres A. Reactive nitrogen species in host-bacterial interactions. Curr Opin Immunol. 2019;60:96–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coi.2019.05.008.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rath M, Müller I, Kropf P, Closs EI, Munder M. Metabolism via arginase or nitric oxide synthase: two competing arginine pathways in macrophages. Front Immunol. 2014;5:532. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00532.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Bredahl EC, Eckerson JM, Tracy SM, McDonald TL, Drescher KM. The role of creatine in the development and activation of immune responses. Nutrients. 2021;13(3):751. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13030751.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Thwe PM, Amiel E. The role of nitric oxide in metabolic regulation of dendritic cell immune function. Cancer Lett. 2018;412:236–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.canlet.2017.10.032.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Simioni PU, Fernandes LG, Tamashiro WM. Downregulation of L-arginine metabolism in dendritic cells induces tolerance to exogenous antigen. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2017;30(1):44–57. https://doi.org/10.1177/0394632016678873.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Corinti S, Pastore S, Mascia F, Girolomoni G. Regulatory role of nitric oxide on monocyte-derived dendritic cell functions. J Interferon Cytokine Res. 2003;23(8):423–31. https://doi.org/10.1089/107999003322277838.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lakomy D, Janikashvili N, Fraszczak J, Trad M, Audia S, Samson M, et al. Cytotoxic dendritic cells generated from cancer patients. J Immunol. 2011;187(5):2775–82. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1004146.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Obregon C, Graf L, Chung KF, Cesson V, Nicod LP. Nitric oxide sustains IL-1β expression in human dendritic cells enhancing their capacity to induce IL-17-producing T-cells. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(4):e0120134. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0120134.