Mortimer K, Reddel HK, Pitrez PM et al. Asthma management in low and middle income countries: case for change. Eur Respir J; 60. Epub ahead of print 15 Sept 2022. https://doi.org/10.1183/13993003.03179-2021
Wang J, Zhou Y, Zhang H, et al. Pathogenesis of allergic diseases and implications for therapeutic interventions. Signal Transduct Target Ther. 2023;8:138.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Yu X, Li L, Cai B, et al. Single-cell analysis reveals alterations in cellular composition and cell-cell communication associated with airway inflammation and remodeling in asthma. Respir Res. 2024;25:76.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Reddel HK, Bacharier LB, Bateman ED, et al. Global Initiative for asthma strategy 2021: executive summary and rationale for key changes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022;205:17–35.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sharma S, Gerber AN, Kraft M et al. Asthma Pathogenesis: Phenotypes, Therapies, and Gaps: Summary of the Aspen Lung Conference 2023. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2024; 71: 154–168.
Sahnoon L, Bajbouj K, Mahboub B, et al. Targeting IL-13 and IL-4 in Asthma: Therapeutic Implications on Airway Remodeling in Severe Asthma. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2025;68:44.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Rodney D, Britt J, Ruwanpathirana A, Ford ML et al. Macrophages orchestrate airway inflammation, remodeling, and resolution in asthma. Int J Mol Sci; 24. Epub ahead of print 21 June 2023. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310451
Pelaia C, Heffler E, Crimi C et al. Interleukins 4 and 13 in Asthma: Key Pathophysiologic Cytokines and Druggable Molecular Targets. Front Pharmacol; 13. Epub ahead of print 8 March 2022. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.851940
Komlósi ZI, van de Veen W, Kovács N, et al. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of allergic asthma. Mol Aspects Med. 2022;85:100995.
Hammad H, Lambrecht BN. The basic immunology of asthma. Cell. 2021;184:1469–85.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Pham DD, Kim T-B. Epithelial-derived cytokines in the pathogenesis of severe asthma. Front Allergy; 6. Epub ahead of print 15 Oct 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/falgy.2025.1681147
Rodriguez-Rodriguez N, Gogoi M, McKenzie ANJ. Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells: Team Players in Regulating Asthma. Annu Rev Immunol. 2021;39:167–98.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Aegerter H, Lambrecht BN, Jakubzick CV. Biology of lung macrophages in health and disease. Immunity. 2022;55:1564–80.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Meloun A, Bachus H, Lewis C et al. Atypical pericapillary Ly6G+Nur77+ macrophages initiate type-2 immune responses to allergens in the mouse lung. Nat Commun. Epub ahead of print 22 Jan 2026. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-68652-5
Guilliams M, Svedberg FR. Does tissue imprinting restrict macrophage plasticity? Nat Immunol. 2021;22:118–27.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Misharin AV, Morales-Nebreda L, Reyfman PA, et al. Monocyte-derived alveolar macrophages drive lung fibrosis and persist in the lung over the life span. J Exp Med. 2017;214:2387–404.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chakarov S, Lim HY, Tan L, et al. Two distinct interstitial macrophage populations coexist across tissues in specific subtissular niches. Science. 2019;363:eaau0964.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Niessen NM, Gibson PG, Baines KJ, et al. Sputum TNF markers are increased in neutrophilic and severe asthma and are reduced by azithromycin treatment. Allergy. 2021;76:2090–101.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wynn TA, Vannella KM. Macrophages in tissue repair, regeneration, and fibrosis. Immunity. 2016;44:450–62.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vivier E, Artis D, Colonna M, et al. Innate lymphoid cells: 10 years on. Cell. 2018;174:1054–66.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Malewicz M. Studies on the role of Nur77 nuclear orphan receptors and Rel/NF-[kappa] B transcription factors in T cell receptor-mediated apoptosis. Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe; 2003.
Hussell T, Bell TJ. Alveolar macrophages: plasticity in a tissue-specific context. Nat Rev Immunol. 2014;14:81–93.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Gibbings SL, Thomas SM, Atif SM, et al. Three unique interstitial macrophages in the murine lung at steady state. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2017;57:66–76.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Murray PJ, Wynn TA. Protective and pathogenic functions of macrophage subsets. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:723–37.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Girodet P-O, Nguyen D, Mancini JD, et al. Alternative Macrophage Activation Is Increased in Asthma. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;55:467–75.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lehner C, Spitzer G, Gehwolf R, et al. Tenophages: a novel macrophage-like tendon cell population expressing CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Dis Model Mech. 2019;12:dmm041384.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Satoh T, Nakagawa K, Sugihara F, et al. Identification of an atypical monocyte and committed progenitor involved in fibrosis. Nature. 2017;541:96–101.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fukuda Y, Akimoto K, Homma T, et al. Virus-induced asthma exacerbations: SIRT1 targeted approach. J Clin Med. 2020;9:2623.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Vanneste D, Bai Q, Hasan S, et al. MafB-restricted local monocyte proliferation precedes lung interstitial macrophage differentiation. Nat Immunol. 2023;24:827–40.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ruscitti C, Abinet J, Maréchal P, et al. Recruited atypical Ly6G+ macrophages license alveolar regeneration after lung injury. Sci Immunol. 2024;9:eado1227.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lith SC, Evers TMJ, Freire BM, et al. Nuclear receptor Nur77 regulates immunomechanics of macrophages. Eur J Cell Biol. 2024;103:151419.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Garabuczi É, Tarban N, Fige É et al. Nur77 and PPARγ regulate transcription and polarization in distinct subsets of M2-like reparative macrophages during regenerative inflammation. Front Immunol; 14. Epub ahead of print 3 March 2023. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2023.1139204
Hanna RN, Shaked I, Hubbeling HG, et al. NR4A1 (Nur77) Deletion Polarizes Macrophages Toward an Inflammatory Phenotype and Increases Atherosclerosis. Circ Res. 2012;110:416–27.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kabata H, Moro K, Koyasu S. The group 2 innate lymphoid cell (ILC 2) regulatory network and its underlying mechanisms. Immunol Rev. 2018;286:37–52.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Saradna A, Do DC, Kumar S, et al. Macrophage polarization and allergic asthma. Transl Res. 2018;191:1–14.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Plantinga L, Bremner JD, Miller AH, et al. Association between posttraumatic stress disorder and inflammation: a twin study. Brain Behav Immun. 2013;30:125–32.
Comments (0)