National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Division on Earth and Life Studies; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice; Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology; Committee on the Guidance on PFAS Testing and Health Outcomes. Guidance on PFAS Exposure, Testing, and Clinical Follow-Up. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US). https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35939564/. Accessed 8 Jul 2022
Ikram S, Song M, Habib Z, Zahra Z. Overview of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), their applications, sources, and potential impacts on human health. Pollutants. 2024;4(1):136–52. https://doi.org/10.3390/pollutants4010009.
Glüge J, Scheringer M, Cousins IT, DeWitt JC, Goldenman G, Herzke D, Lohmann R, Ng CA, Trier X, Wang Z. An overview of the uses of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environ Sci Process Impacts. 2020;22(12):2345–73. https://doi.org/10.1039/D0EM00291G.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Sunderland E, Hu X, Dassuncao C, Tokranov A, Wagner C, Allen J. A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly- and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol. 2019;29(2):131–47. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41370-018-0094-1.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Evich MG, Davis MJB, McCord JP, Acrey B, Awkerman JA, Knappe DRU, Lindstrom AB, Speth TF, Tebes-Stevens C, Strynar MJ, Wang Z, Weber EJ, Henderson WM, Washington JW. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the environment. Science. 2022;375(6580): eabg9065. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abg9065.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
OECD. Towards a new comprehensive global database of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/summary-report-on-the-new-comprehensive-global-database-of-per-and-polyfluoroalkyl-substances-pfass_1a14ad6c-en.html. Accessed 4 May 2018.
European Environment Agency. Emerging chemical risks in Europe-’PFAS’. Copenhagen, Denmark. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/publications/emerging-chemical-risks-in-europe. Accessed 16 Dec 2019
Fenton S, Ducatman A, Boobis A, DeWitt J, Lau C, Ng C, Smith J, Roberts S. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity and human health review: current state of knowledge and strategies for informing future research. Environ Toxicol Chem. 2021;40(3):606–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/etc.4890.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Haley M. PFAS in news media: a quantitative and qualitative analysis. Portland State University. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2553&context=honorstheses. Accessed 1 June 2023
Ameduri B. What do we know about per- or polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs)? Issues, challenges, regulations, and possible alternatives. Macromolecules. 2025;58(6):2781–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.4c02993.
Llorca M, Farré M, Tavano MS, Alonso B, Koremblit G, Barceló D. Fate of a broad spectrum of perfluorinated compounds in soils and biota from Tierra del Fuego and Antarctica. Environ Pollut. 2012;163:158–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.10.027.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kuok Ho DT. Hidden contaminants: the presence of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in remote regions. Environments. 2025;12(3): 88. https://doi.org/10.3390/environments12030088.
Lin Y, Jiang J-J, Rodenburg LA, Cai M, Wu Z, Ke H, Chitsaz M. Perfluoroalkyl substances in sediments from the Bering Sea to the western Arctic: source and pathway analysis. Environ Int. 2020;139: 105699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.105699.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Alazaiza MYD, Alzghoul TM, Ramu MB, Abu Amr SS, Abushammala MFM. PFAS contamination and mitigation: a comprehensive analysis of research trends and global contributions. Case Stud Chem Environ Eng. 2025;11: 101127. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2025.101127.
Leung SCE, Wanninayake D, Chen D, Nguyen N-T, Li Q. Physicochemical properties and interactions of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) - challenges and opportunities in sensing and remediation. Sci Total Environ. 2023;905: 166764. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166764.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Venkatesh Reddy C, Kumar R, Chakrabortty P, Karmakar B, Pottipati S, Kundu A, Jeon B-H. A critical science mapping approach on removal mechanism and pathways of per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water and wastewater: a comprehensive review. Chem Eng J. 2024;492: 152272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2024.152272.
Pan Y, Zhang H, Cui Q, Sheng N, Yeung LWY, Sun Y, Guo Y. Dai J (2018) worldwide distribution of novel perfluoroether carboxylic and sulfonic acids in surface water. Environ Sci Technol. 2018;52(14):7621–9. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b00829.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
UNEP. Decision SC-10/13: listing PFHxS, its salts and PFHxS-related compounds in annex A of the Stockholm Convention (UNEP/POPS/POPRC.15/INF/9); 2022.
UNEP. Proposal to list long-chain perfluorocarboxylic acids, their salts and related compounds in annexes A, B and/or C to the Stockholm Convention on Persistant Organic Pollutants (UNEP/POPS/POPRC. 17/7); 2022.
European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). Annex XV restriction report: per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in firefighting foams. Helsinki: European Chemicals Agency. https://www.actu-environnement.com/media/pdf/news-39204-rest-pfas-fff-axvreport-en.pdf. Accessed 14 Jan 2022
Arp HPH, Gredelj A, Glüge J, Scheringer M, Cousins IT. The global threat from the irreversible accumulation of trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). Environ Sci Technol. 2024;58(45):19925–35. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c06189.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
van Gerwen M, Colicino E, Guan H, Dolios G, Nadkarni GN, Vermeulen RCH, Wolff MS, Arora M, Genden EM, Petrick LM. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure and thyroid cancer risk. EBioMedicine. 2023;97: 104831. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104831.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ogunbiyi OD, Lemos L, Brinn RP, Quinete NS. Bioaccumulation potentials of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in recreational fisheries: occurrence, health risk assessment and oxidative stress biomarkers in coastal Biscayne Bay. Environ Res. 2024;263(2): 120128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.120128.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dai Y, Zhao J, Sun C, Li D, Liu X, Wang Z, Yue T, Xing B. Interaction and combined toxicity of microplastics and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in aquatic environment. Front Environ Sci Eng. 2022;16:136. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11783-022-1571-2.
Fredriksson F, Eriksson U, Karrman A, Yeung L. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in sludge from wastewater treatment plants in Sweden — first findings of novel fluorinated copolymers in Europe including temporal analysis. Sci Total Environ. 2022;846:157406. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157406.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nguyen HT, McLachlan MS, Tscharke B, Thai P, Braeunig J, Kaserzon S, O’Brien JW, Mueller JF. Background release and potential point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to municipal wastewater treatment plants across Australia. Chemosphere. 2022;293: 133657. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.133657.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Chen Y, Zhang H, Liu Y, Bowden JA, Tolaymat TM, Townsend TG, Solo-Gabriele HM. Evaluation of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in leachate, gas condensate, stormwater and groundwater at landfills. Chemosphere. 2023;318: 137903. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.137903.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Duru CI, Kang DH, Sherchan SP. The trends of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water systems in Maryland, United States. Sci Total Environ. 2024;957(12): 177152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.177152.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Li X, Fatowe M, Lemos L, et al. Spatial distribution of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in waters from Central and South Florida. Environ Sci Pollut Res. 2022;29:84383–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-21589-w.
Barber LB, Miller SA, Blaney L, et al. Municipal and industrial wastewater treatment plant effluent contributions to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in the potomac river: a basin-scale measuring and modeling approach. Environ Sci Technol. 2025;59(23):11720–34. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.4c12167.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Farré M, Thomaidis NS. Perfluoroalkyl substances in Mediterranean aquatic environments: Catalonia and Greece. Contrib Sci. 2014;10(2):185–192. https://raco.cat/index.php/Contributions/article/view/89513.
Cáñez TT, Guo B, McIntosh JC, Brusseau ML. Perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in groundwater at a reclaimed water recharge facility. Sci Total Environ. 2021;791: 147906. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147906.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Christou A, Beretsou VG, Iakovides IC, Karaolia P, Michael C, Benmarhnia T, Chefetz B, Donner E, Gawlik BM, Lee Y, Lim TT, Lundy L, Maffettone R, Rizzo L, Topp E, Fatta-Kassinos D. Sustainable wastewater reuse for agriculture. Nat Rev Earth Environ. 2024;5:504–21. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43017-024-00560-y.
Comments (0)