Grodsky JD, Schehlein EM, Chang DF, Patel NA, Scott NL, Cole ED et al (2024) So many injections, so much waste: understanding the environmental impact of intravitreal injections. J VitreoRetin Dis. https://doi.org/10.1177/24741264241308496

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Grzybowski A, Told R, Sacu S, Bandello F, Moisseiev E, Loewenstein A et al (2018) 2018 Update on intravitreal injections: Euretina expert consensus recommendations. Ophthalmologica 239(4):181–193. https://doi.org/10.1159/000486145

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Augsburger M, Sarra GM, Imesch P (2019) Treat and extend versus pro re nata regimens of ranibizumab and aflibercept in neovascular age-related macular degeneration: a comparative study. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 257(9):1889–1895. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-019-04404-0

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Horner F, Lip PL, Mohammed BR, Fusi-Rubiano W, Gokhale E, Mushtaq B et al (2021) Comparing effectiveness of three different anti-VEGF treatment regimens for neovascular age-related macular degeneration: two years’ real-world clinical outcomes. Clin Ophthalmol 15:1703–1713. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S305141

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moraru AD, Danielescu C, Iorga RE, Moraru RL, Zemba M, Branisteanu DC (2024) Review of guideline recommendations for optimal anti-VEGF therapy in age-related macular degeneration. Life (Basel). https://doi.org/10.3390/life14101220

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Garweg JG, Gerhardt C (2021) Disease stability and extended dosing under anti-VEGF treatment of exudative age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—a meta-analysis. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 259(8):2181–2192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00417-020-05048-1

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jorstad OK, Steffensen LA, Eriksen K, Bragadottir R, Moe MC (2019) Thirteen years of intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy: the promises and burdens of a paradigm shift told from the perspective of the largest retina service in Norway. Acta Ophthalmol. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.14177

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Falavarjani KG, Nguyen QD (2013) Adverse events and complications associated with intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF agents: a review of literature. Eye Lond 27(7):787–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/eye.2013.107

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Haas P, Falkner-Radler C, Wimpissinger B, Malina M, Binder S (2016) Needle size in intravitreal injections—pain evaluation of a randomized clinical trial. Acta Ophthalmol 94(2):198–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.12901

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sasajima H, Tsuboi K, Ono H, Murotani K, Kamei M (2018) A randomized trial of a short 34-gauge needle for intravitreal injections. Ophthalmology 125(6):947–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ophtha.2018.01.038

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sasajima H, Tsuboi K, Murotani K, Kamei M (2019) Efficacy and safety of intravitreal drug injections using a short 34-gauge needle. Jpn J Ophthalmol 63(3):269–275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10384-019-00663-w

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kaplan RI, Drinkwater OJ, Lee RH, Chod RB, Barash A, Giovinazzo JV, et al (2019) Pain control after intravitreal injection using topical nepafenac 0.3% or pressure patching: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Ophthalmol Retina 3(10):860–866 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oret.2019.04.022

Han J, Rinella NT, Chao DL (2020) Anesthesia for intravitreal injection: a systematic review. Clin Ophthalmol 14:543–550. https://doi.org/10.2147/OPTH.S223530

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Moshkovsky R, Golan N, Aviel Gadot E, Bar A, Achiron A, Fischer N et al (2024) Pain control and subconjunctival haemorrhage after intravitreal injection using cooled anaesthetic eyedrops and antiseptics: a prospective, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Acta Ophthalmol 102(4):e587–e594. https://doi.org/10.1111/aos.15798

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sternfeld A, Schaap-Fogler M, Dotan A, Alaa B, Megiddo E, Ehrlich R et al (2021) Effect of penetration angle and velocity during intravitreal injection on pain. Semin Ophthalmol 36(5–6):437–443. https://doi.org/10.1080/08820538.2021.1906914

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ertan E, Duman R, Duman R (2020) Comparison of pain during intravitreal dexamethasone, ranibizumab and aflibercept injection. Clin Exp Optom 103(5):630–633. https://doi.org/10.1111/cxo.12974

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Butler ETS, Bjerager J, Eriksen NS, Hajari JN, Schneider M, Faber C et al (2024) Effect of needle gauge size on pain during intravitreal anti-VEGF injection: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Ophthalmol Ther 13(3):801–817. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40123-023-00879-7

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lai TY, Liu S, Das S, Lam DS (2015) Intravitreal injection--technique and safety. Asia Pac J Ophthalmol (Phila) 4(6):321–328. https://doi.org/10.1097/APO.0000000000000146

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li T, Sun J, Min J, Zhou S, Zhu X, Jia H et al (2021) Safety of receiving anti-vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injection in office-based vs operating room settings: a meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol 139(10):1080–1088. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2021.3096

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Wang Y, Wei Sim F, Patrick Wang MA, Rachel YO, Ratzlaff T, Rullo J et al 2022 Changes in Scleral Thickness Following Repeated Anti-vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Injections. J Ophthalmic Vis Res 17(2):196–201 https://doi.org/10.18502/jovr.v17i2.10790

Zinkernagel MS, Schorno P, Ebneter A, Wolf S (2015) Scleral thinning after repeated intravitreal injections of antivascular endothelial growth factor agents in the same quadrant. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 56(3):1894–1900. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-16204

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

De Stefano VS, Abechain JJ, de Almeida LF, Verginassi DM, Rodrigues EB, Freymuller E et al (2011) Experimental investigation of needles, syringes and techniques for intravitreal injections. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 39(3):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-9071.2010.02447.x

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar