Schapira AH, Jenner P (2011) Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 26(6):1049–1055. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23732

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kalia LV, Lang AE (2015) Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 386(9996):896–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61393-3

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Jankovic J, Tan EK (2020) Parkinson’s disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 91(8):795–808. https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2019-322338

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Schulz R, Gerloff C, Hummel FC (2013) Non-invasive brain stimulation in neurological diseases. Neuropharmacology 64:579–587. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2012.05.016

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Galinowski A, Paillère-Martinot ML (2002) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation:: the introduction of a new therapeutic tool in psychiatry. Evol Psychiatr 67(1):155–169

Article  Google Scholar 

Wassermann EM, Lisanby SH (2001) Therapeutic application of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation: a review. Clin Neurophysiol 112(8):1367–1377. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1388-2457(01)00585-5

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Oberman L (2014) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) protocols. Neuromethods 89:129–139. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-0879-0_7

Article  Google Scholar 

van den Noort M, Bosch P, Yeo S, Lim S (2015) Transcranial magnetic stimulation for Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 30(14):1973. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.26439

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lefaucheur JP, Aleman A, Baeken C et al (2020) Evidence-based guidelines on the therapeutic use of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): an update (2014–2018). Clin Neurophysiol 131(2):474–528. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2019.11.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

del Olmo MF, Bello O, Cudeiro J (2007) Transcranial magnetic stimulation over dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neurophysiol 118(1):131–139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2006.09.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Zhuang S, Wang FY, Gu X et al (2020) Low-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in Parkinson’s disease. Parkinsons Dis 2020:7295414. https://doi.org/10.1155/2020/7295414

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romero JP, Moreno-Verdu M, Arroyo-Ferrer A et al (2024) Clinical and neurophysiological effects of bilateral repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation and EEG-guided neurofeedback in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, four-arm controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 21(1):135. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12984-024-01427-5

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Song W, Zhang Z, Lv B et al (2024) High-frequency rTMS over bilateral primary motor cortex improves freezing of gait and emotion regulation in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Front Aging Neurosci 16:1354455. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnagi.2024.1354455

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Potvin-Desrochers A, Martinez-Moreno A, Clouette J, Parent-L’Ecuyer F, Lajeunesse H, Paquette C (2023) Upregulation of the parietal cortex improves freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Sci 452:120770. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2023.120770

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Grp P, Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG (2010) Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Int J Surg 8(5):336–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijsu.2010.02.007

Article  Google Scholar 

van Valkenhoef G, Lu GB, de Brock B, Hillege H, Ades AE, Welton NJ (2012) Automating network meta-analysis. Res Synth Methods 3(4):285–299. https://doi.org/10.1002/jrsm.1054

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Chen J, Xu P, Guo X, Zou T (2022) Comparative analysis of the effects of escitalopram, pramipexole, and transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in patients with Parkinson disease: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Clin Neuropharmacol 45(4):84–88. https://doi.org/10.1097/WNF.0000000000000507

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Benninger DH, Iseki K, Kranick S, Luckenbaugh DA, Houdayer E, Hallett M (2012) Controlled study of 50-Hz repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 26(9):1096–1105. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968312445636

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Makkos A, Pal E, Aschermann Z et al (2016) High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation can improve depression in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Neuropsychobiology 73(3):169–177. https://doi.org/10.1159/000445296

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Maruo T, Hosomi K, Shimokawa T et al (2013) High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary foot motor area in Parkinson’s disease. Brain Stimul 6(6):884–891. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brs.2013.05.002

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Li J, Mi TM, Zhu BF et al (2020) High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the primary motor cortex relieves musculoskeletal pain in patients with Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 80:113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.07.006

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mi TM, Garg S, Ba F et al (2019) High-frequency rTMS over the supplementary motor area improves freezing of gait in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized controlled trial. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 68:85–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.parkreldis.2019.10.009

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Brys M, Fox MD, Agarwal S et al (2016) Multifocal repetitive TMS for motor and mood symptoms of Parkinson disease: a randomized trial. Neurology 87(18):1907–1915

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Filipovic SR, Rothwell JC, van de Warrenburg BP, Bhatia K (2009) Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for levodopa-induced dyskinesias in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 24(2):246–253. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.22348

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Khedr EM, Mohamed KO, Soliman RK, Hassan AMM, Rothwell JC (2019) The effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on advancing Parkinson’s disease with dysphagia: double blind randomized clinical trial. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 33(6):442–452. https://doi.org/10.1177/1545968319847968

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pal E, Nagy F, Aschermann Z, Balazs E, Kovacs N (2010) The impact of left prefrontal repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on depression in Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Mov Disord 25(14):2311–2317. https://doi.org/10.1002/mds.23270

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yokoe M, Mano T, Maruo T et al (2018) The optimal stimulation site for high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease: a double-blind crossover pilot study. J Clin Neurosci 47:72–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocn.2017.09.023

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Benninger DH, Berman BD, Houdayer E et al (2011) Intermittent theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment of Parkinson disease. Neurology 76(7):601–609. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0b013e31820ce6bb

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Ji GJ, Liu T, Li Y et al (2021) Structural correlates underlying accelerated magnetic stimulation in Parkinson’s disease. Hum Brain Mapp 42(6):1670–1681. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbm.25319

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shin HW, Youn YC, Chung SJ, Sohn YH (2016) Effect of high-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on major depressive disorder in patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol 263(7):1442–1448. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-016-8160-x

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar