Stallings EB, Isenburg JL, Rutkowski RE, Kirby RS, Nembhard WN, Sandidge T, et al. National population-based estimates for major birth defects, 2016–2020. Birth Defects Res. 2024;116(1):e2301. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdr2.2301.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Hoffman JI, Kaplan S. The incidence of congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39(12):1890–900. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0735-1097(02)01886-7.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bai Z, Han J, An J, Wang H, Du X, Yang Z, et al. The global, regional, and national patterns of change in the burden of congenital birth defects, 1990–2021: an analysis of the global burden of disease study 2021 and forecast to 2040. EClinicalMedicine. 2024;77:102873. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eclinm.2024.102873.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rakha S, El Marsafawy H. Sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of fetal echocardiography for high-risk pregnancies in a tertiary center in Egypt. Arch Pediatr. 2019;26(6):337–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arcped.2019.08.001.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mozumdar N, Rowland J, Pan S, Rajagopal H, Geiger MK, Srivastava S, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Fetal Echocardiography in Congenital Heart Disease. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2020;33(11):1384–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2020.06.017.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mamalis M, Koehler T, Bedei I, Wolter A, Schenk J, Widriani E, et al. Comparison of the Results of Prenatal and Postnatal Echocardiography and Postnatal Cardiac MRI in Children with a Congenital Heart Defect. J Clin Med. 2023;12(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm12103508.

Haberer K, He R, McBrien A, Eckersley L, Young A, Adatia I, et al. Accuracy of Fetal Echocardiography in Defining Anatomic Details: A Single-Institution Experience over a 12-Year Period. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2022;35(7):762–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.echo.2022.02.015.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel SR, Michelfelder E. Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Disease: The Crucial Role of Perinatal and Delivery Planning. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis. 2024;11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/jcdd11040108.

Donofrio MT, Levy RJ, Schuette JJ, Skurow-Todd K, Sten MB, Stallings C, et al. Specialized delivery room planning for fetuses with critical congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2013;111(5):737–47. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2012.11.029.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Patel S, McBrien A, Michelfelder E, Kavanaugh-McHugh A, Samples S, Laternser C, et al. Current Trends in Fetal Cardiology: Results from an International Benchmarking Survey of Fetal Cardiac Programs Through the Fetal Heart Society Research Collaborative. Pediatr Cardiol. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-025-03895-5.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Laternser C, Grobman WA, Albaro C, Anderson BR, Batton B, Yee LM, et al. Prenatal Care and Perinatal Regionalization for Congenital Heart Defects. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(11):e2542135. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2025.42135.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holland BJ, Myers JA, Woods CR Jr. Prenatal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease reduces risk of death from cardiovascular compromise prior to planned neonatal cardiac surgery: a meta-analysis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2015;45(6):631–8. https://doi.org/10.1002/uog.14882.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Verheijen PM, Lisowski LA, Stoutenbeek P, Hitchcock JF, Brenner JI, Copel JA, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease affects preoperative acidosis in the newborn patient. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2001;121(4):798–803. https://doi.org/10.1067/mtc.2001.112825.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Joyce L, Woo NG, Brett R, Anderson LM, Yee WA, Grobman MM, Davis. Christina Laternser. Prenatal diagnosis mediates the relationship between disease complexity and intervention timing for congenital heart defects. Pregnancy. 2025;e70011.

Woo JL, Laternser C, Anderson BR, Grobman WA, Monge MC, Davis MM. Association Between Prenatal Diagnosis and Age at Surgery for Noncritical and Critical Congenital Heart Defects. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2023;16(9):e009638. https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.122.009638.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Anderson BR, Ciarleglio AJ, Hayes DA, Quaegebeur JM, Vincent JA, Bacha EA. Earlier arterial switch operation improves outcomes and reduces costs for neonates with transposition of the great arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(5):481–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2013.08.1645.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lynch JM, Buckley EM, Schwab PJ, McCarthy AL, Winters ME, Busch DR, et al. Time to surgery and preoperative cerebral hemodynamics predict postoperative white matter injury in neonates with hypoplastic left heart syndrome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(5):2181–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcvs.2014.05.081.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Jegatheeswaran A, Oliveira C, Batsos C, Moon-Grady AJ, Silverman NH, Hornberger LK, et al. Costs of prenatal detection of congenital heart disease. Am J Cardiol. 2011;108(12):1808–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.07.052.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Institute of Medicine Committee on the R. Assessment of the NsSRP, Budget to R, Ultimately Eliminate Health D. The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. In: Thomson GE, Mitchell F, Williams MB, editors. Examining the Health Disparities Research Plan of the National Institutes of Health: Unfinished Business. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright © 2006, National Academy of Sciences.; 2006.

Krishnan A, Jacobs MB, Morris SA, Peyvandi S, Bhat AH, Chelliah A, et al. Impact of Socioeconomic Status, Race and Ethnicity, and Geography on Prenatal Detection of Hypoplastic Left Heart Syndrome and Transposition of the Great Arteries. Circulation. 2021;143(21):2049–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/circulationaha.120.053062.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Campbell MJ, Lorch S, Rychik J, Quartermain MD, Passarella M, Groeneveld PW. Socioeconomic barriers to prenatal diagnosis of critical congenital heart disease. Prenat Diagn. 2021;41(3):341–6. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.5864.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Davtyan A, Ostler H, Golding IF, Sun HY. Prenatal Diagnosis Rate of Critical Congenital Heart Disease Remains Inadequate with Significant Racial/Ethnic and Socioeconomic Disparities and Technical Barriers. Pediatr Cardiol. 2024;45(8):1713–23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00246-023-03262-2.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Peiris V, Singh TP, Tworetzky W, Chong EC, Gauvreau K, Brown DW. Association of Socioeconomic Position and Medical Insurance With Fetal Diagnosis of Critical Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation: Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2009;2(4):354–60. https://doi.org/10.1161/circoutcomes.108.802868.

Article  Google Scholar 

Ronai C, Garcia Godoy L, Madriago E. Homogenous access to fetal cardiac care in a heterogeneous state. Cardiol Young. 2024;34(3):500–4. https://doi.org/10.1017/s1047951123002536.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woo JL, Gandhi R, Iyengar T, Yee LM, Davis MM, Grobman WA, et al. Disparities in Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Heart Defects: The Interplay of Insurance and Urbanicity. J Am Heart Assoc. 2024;13(16):e035440. https://doi.org/10.1161/jaha.124.035440.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Woo JL, Gandhi R, Laternser C, Iyengar T, Yee LM, Grobman WA, et al. Second-Trimester Ultrasound Receipt Mediates the Relationship Between Public Insurance and Prenatal Diagnosis of a Congenital Heart Defect. Prenat Diagn. 2025;45(7):886–95. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6675.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Woo JL, Burton S, Iyengar T, Sivakumar A, Spiewak S, Wakulski R, et al. Patient-reported barriers to prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defects: A mixed-methods study. Prenat Diagn. 2024;44(1):57–67. https://doi.org/10.1002/pd.6481.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Shekelle PG, Begashaw MM, Miake-Lye IM, Booth M, Myers B, Renda A. Effect of interventions for non-emergent medical transportation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):799. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-13149-1.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Yee L, Taylor S, Young M, Williams M, Niznik C, Simon M. Evaluation of a Text Messaging Intervention to Support Self-Management of Diabetes During Pregnancy Among Low-Income, Minority Women: Qualitative Study. JMIR Diabetes. 2020;5(3):e17794. https://doi.org/10.2196/17794.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Holder K, Feinglass J, Niznik C, Yee LM. Use of Electronic Patient Messaging by Pregnant Patients Receiving Prenatal Care at an Academic Health System: Retrospective Cohort Study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2024;12:e51637. https://doi.org/10.2196/51637.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

DeRigne L, Stoddard-Dare P, Collins C, Quinn L. Paid sick leave and preventive health care service use among U.S. working adults. Prev Med. 2017;99:58–62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ypmed.2017.01.020.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Adriaanse BM, Tromp CH, Simpson JM, Van Mieghem T, Kist WJ, Kuik DJ, et al. Inte