World Obesity Federation. World Obesity Atlas 2025. World Obesity Federation. 2025. https://data.worldobesity.org/publications/?cat=23

Stephenson J, Smith CM, Kearns B, Haywood A, Bissell P. The association between obesity and quality of life: a retrospective analysis of a large-scale population-based cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2021;21:1990. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-021-12009-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Guh DP, Zhang W, Bansback N, Amarsi Z, Birmingham CL, Anis AH. The incidence of co-morbidities related to obesity and overweight: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2009;9:88. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-9-88.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Blüher M. An overview of obesity-related complications: The epidemiological evidence linking body weight and other markers of obesity to adverse health outcomes. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27:3–19. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.16263.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Romaní-Pérez M, Líebana-García R, Flor-Duro A, Bonillo-Jiménez D, Bullich-Vilarrubias C, Olivares M, et al. Obesity and the gut microbiota: implications of neuroendocrine and immune signaling. FEBS J. 2025;292:1397–420. https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.17249.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Liébana-García R, Olivares M, Bullich-Vilarrubias C, López-Almela I, Romaní-Pérez M, Sanz Y. The gut microbiota as a versatile immunomodulator in obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2021;35:101542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2021.101542.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Asadi A, Shadab Mehr N, Mohamadi MH, Shokri F, Heidary M, Sadeghifard N, et al. Obesity and gut–microbiota–brain axis: A narrative review. J Clin Lab Anal. 2022;36:e24420. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcla.24420.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Donofry SD, Stillman CM, Erickson KI. A review of the relationship between eating behavior, obesity and functional brain network organization. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci. 2019;15:1157–81. https://doi.org/10.1093/scan/nsz085.

Article  Google Scholar 

Guo H, Han J, Xiao M, Chen H. Functional alterations in overweight/obesity: focusing on the reward and executive control network. Rev Neurosci De Gruyter. 2024;35:697–707. https://doi.org/10.1515/revneuro-2024-0034.

Article  Google Scholar 

Durk RP, Castillo E, Márquez-Magaña L, Grosicki GJ, Bolter ND, Lee CM, et al. Gut microbiota composition is related to cardiorespiratory fitness in healthy young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2019;29:249–53. https://doi.org/10.1123/ijsnem.2018-0024.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Kulecka M, Fraczek B, Mikula M, Zeber-Lubecka N, Karczmarski J, Paziewska A, et al. The composition and richness of the gut microbiota differentiate the top Polish endurance athletes from sedentary controls. Gut Microbes Taylor Francis. 2020;11:1374–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2020.1758009.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Falck RS, Hsu CL, Best JR, Boa Sorte Silva NC, Hall PA, Li LC, et al. Cross-sectional and longitudinal neural predictors of physical activity and sedentary behaviour from a 6-month randomized controlled trial. Sci Rep Nat Publishing Group. 2024;14:919. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-48715-z.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Falck RS, Landry GJ, Best JR, Davis JC, Chiu BK, Liu-Ambrose T. Cross-sectional relationships of physical activity and sedentary behavior with cognitive function in older adults with probable mild cognitive impairment. Phys Ther. 2017;97:975–84. https://doi.org/10.1093/ptj/pzx074.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Morris TP, Kucyi A, Anteraper SA, Geddes MR, Nieto-Castañon A, Burzynska A, et al. Resting state functional connectivity provides mechanistic predictions of future changes in sedentary behavior. Sci Rep Nat Publishing Group. 2022;12:940. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04738-y.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

de Lartigue G. Role of the vagus nerve in the development and treatment of diet-induced obesity. J Physiol. 2016;594:5791–815. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP271538.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Gribble FM, Reimann F. Enteroendocrine Cells: Chemosensors in the intestinal epithelium. Annu Rev Physiol. 2016;78:277–99. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-105439.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cryan JF, O’Riordan KJ, Cowan CSM, Sandhu KV, Bastiaanssen TFS, Boehme M, et al. The microbiota-gut-brain axis. Physiol Rev. 2019;99:1877–2013. https://doi.org/10.1152/physrev.00018.2018.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Pérez-Prieto I, Plaza-Florido A, Ubago-Guisado E, Ortega FB, Altmäe S. Physical activity, sedentary behavior and microbiome: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Sci Med Sport. 2024;27:793–804. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsams.2024.07.003.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Rowland I, Gibson G, Heinken A, Scott K, Swann J, Thiele I, et al. Gut microbiota functions: metabolism of nutrients and other food components. Eur J Nutr. 2018;57:1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00394-017-1445-8.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Vacca M, De Angelis M, Farella I, Lanza E, et al. Gut Microbiota and short chain fatty acids: Implications in glucose homeostasis. Int J Mol Sci Multidisciplinary Digit Publishing Inst. 2022;23:1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23031105.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Clarke GS, Page AJ, Eldeghaidy S. The gut–brain axis in appetite, satiety, food intake, and eating behavior: Insights from animal models and human studies. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2024;12:e70027. https://doi.org/10.1002/prp2.70027.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Mehrhof SZ, Fleming H, Nord CL. An interoceptive model of energy allostasis linking metabolic and mental health. Sci Adv Am Association Advancement Sci. 2025;11:eady4356. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.ady4356.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Foster JA, Rinaman L, Cryan JF. Stress & the gut-brain axis: Regulation by the microbiome. Neurobiol Stress. 2017;7:124–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ynstr.2017.03.001.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sze MA, Schloss PD. Looking for a Signal in the Noise: Revisiting Obesity and the Microbiome. mBio. 2016;7:e01018–16. https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.01018-16.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lin W, Pu L, Qian X, Pan J, Cheng R, Sun P. Exercise-induced modulation of gut microbiota in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Microbiol Front. 2025;16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2025.1671975.

Patra D, Banerjee D, Ramprasad P, Roy S, Pal D, Dasgupta S. Recent insights of obesity-induced gut and adipose tissue dysbiosis in type 2 diabetes. Front Mol Biosci Front. 2023;10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1224982.

Lin Y, Xu Z, Yeoh YK, Tun HM, Huang W, Jiang W, et al. Combing fecal microbial community data to identify consistent obesity-specific microbial signatures and shared metabolic pathways. iScience. Elsevier; 2023. p. 26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.106476.

Gong J, Shen Y, Zhang H, Cao M, Guo M, He J, et al. Gut microbiota characteristics of people with obesity by meta-analysis of existing datasets. Nutrients. 2022;14:2993. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu14142993.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vrieze A, Van Nood E, Holleman F, Salojärvi J, Kootte RS, Bartelsman JFWM, et al. Transfer of intestinal microbiota from lean donors increases insulin sensitivity in individuals with metabolic syndrome. Gastroenterology. 2012;143:913–e9167. https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.06.031.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Huang W, Zhu W, Lin Y, Chan FKL, Xu Z, Ng SC. Roseburia hominis improves host metabolism in diet-induced obesity. Gut Microbes. 2025;17:2467193. https://doi.org/10.1080/19490976.2025.2467193.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Sanna S, van Zuydam NR, Mahajan A, Kurilshikov A, Vila AV, Võsa U, et al. Causal relationships between gut microbiome, short-chain fatty acids and metabolic diseases. Nat Genet. 2019;51:600–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41588-019-0350-x.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central