Jameson JL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Loscalzo J. Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. 21st ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Education; 2022.

Google Scholar 

Samuelson BT, Cuker A, Siegal DM, Crowther M, Garcia DA. Laboratory assessment of the anticoagulant activity of direct oral anticoagulants. Chest. 2017;151:127–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chest.2016.08.1462.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

DailyMed. SAVAYSA: edoxaban tosylate tablet, film coated. https://dailymed.nlm.nih.gov/dailymed/drugInfo.cfm?setid=e77d3400-56ad-11e3-949a-0800200c9a66. Accessed 17 Jun 2025.

Perzborn E, Roehrig S, Straub A, Kubitza D, Mueck W, Laux V. Rivaroxaban: a new oral factor Xa inhibitor. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2010;30:376–81. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.110.202978.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Sarich TC, Peters G, Berkowitz SD, Misselwitz F, Nessel CC, Burton P, et al. Rivaroxaban: a novel oral anticoagulant for the prevention and treatment of several thrombosis-mediated conditions. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2013;1291:42–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/NYAS.12136.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Mueck W, Stampfuss J, Kubitza D, Becka M. Clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile of rivaroxaban. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2014;53:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40262-013-0100-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Knotts TL, Mousa SA. Anticoagulation in venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in medically ill patients: potential impact of NOACs. Am J Cardiovasc Drugs. 2019;19:365–76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40256-019-00329-5.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lai J, Feng S, Xu S, Liu X. Effects of oral anticoagulant therapy in patients with pulmonary diseases. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:987652. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcvm.2022.987652.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Barrett YC, Wang J, Knabb R, Mohan P. Apixaban decreases coagulation activity in patients with acute deep-vein thrombosis. Thromb Haemost. 2011;105:181–9. https://doi.org/10.1160/TH10-06-0393.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Young M. Atrial fibrillation. Crit Care Nurs Clin North Am. 2019;31:77–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnc.2018.11.005.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Weitz J, Chan N. Long-term management of venous thromboembolism: lessons from EINSTEIN CHOICE and other extension trials. Thromb Haemost. 2019;119:689–94. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1679906.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee S-R, Choi E-K, Kwon S, Han K-D, Jung J-H, Cha M-J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of contemporary oral anticoagulants among Asians with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Stroke. 2019;50:2245–9. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025536.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Lee S-R, Choi E-K, Kwon S, Jung J-H, Han K-D, Cha M-J, et al. Effectiveness and safety of direct oral anticoagulants in relation to temporal changes in their use. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13:e005894. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.119.005894.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Forslund T, Komen JJ, Andersen M, Wettermark B, von Euler M, Mantel-Teeuwisse AK, et al. Improved stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation after the introduction of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants. Stroke. 2018;49:2122–8. https://doi.org/10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.021990.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Cowan JC, Wu J, Hall M, Orlowski A, West RM, Gale CP. A 10-year study of hospitalized atrial fibrillation-related stroke in England and its association with uptake of oral anticoagulation. Eur Heart J. 2018;39:2975–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy411.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Steinberg BA, Gao H, Shrader P, Pieper K, Thomas L, Camm AJ, et al. International trends in clinical characteristics and oral anticoagulation treatment for patients with atrial fibrillation: results from the GARFIELD-AF, ORBIT-AF I, and ORBIT-AF II registries. Am Heart J. 2017;194:132–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2017.08.011.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Yao X, Abraham NS, Sangaralingham LR, Bellolio MF, McBane RD, Shah ND, et al. Effectiveness and safety of dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e003725. https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003725.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Watson J, Whiteside G, Perry C. Apixaban: first global approval. Drugs. 2011;71(15):2079–89. https://doi.org/10.2165/11596820-000000000-00000.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

US Food and Drug Administration. Eliquis (apixaban) [prescribing information]. Silver Spring (MD): U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2012/202155s000lbl.pdf. Accessed 11 Jan 2026.

Colacci M, Tseng EK, Sacks CA, Fralick M. Oral anticoagulant utilization in the United States and United Kingdom. J Gen Intern Med. 2020;35:2505–7. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-020-05904-0.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Andrade JG, Aguilar M, Atzema C, Bell A, Cairns JA, Cheung CC, et al. The 2020 Canadian Cardiovascular Society/Canadian Heart Rhythm Society comprehensive guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36:1847–948. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2020.09.001.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Byon W, Garonzik S, Boyd RA, Frost CE. Apixaban: a clinical pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic review. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2019;58:1265–79. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40262-019-00775-z.

Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Frost C, Nepal S, Wang J, Schuster A, Byon W, Boyd RA, et al. Safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of multiple oral doses of apixaban, a factor Xa inhibitor, in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76:776–86. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcp.12106.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Vu A, Qu TT, Ryu R, Nandkeolyar S, Jacobson A, Hong LT. Critical analysis of apixaban dose adjustment criteria. Clin Appl Thromb Hemost. 2021;27:107602962110211. https://doi.org/10.1177/10760296211021158.

Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

Hurst K, O’Callaghan JM, Handa A. Quick reference guide to apixaban. Vasc Health Risk Manag. 2017;13:263–7. https://doi.org/10.2147/VHRM.S121944.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Agrawal A, Kerndt CC, Manna B. Apixaban. In: StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507910/. Accessed 22 Nov 2025.

Wright C, Brown R, Cuker A. Laboratory measurement of the direct oral anticoagulants: indications and impact on management in clinical practice. Int J Lab Hematol. 2017;39:31–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijlh.12654.

Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Bounameaux H, Camm AJ. Edoxaban: an update on the new oral direct factor Xa inhibitor. Drugs. 2014;74:1209–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40265-014-0261-1.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Parasrampuria DA, Truitt KE. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban, a non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant that inhibits clotting factor Xa. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2016;55:641–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/S40262-015-0342-7.

Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

Lip GYH, Agnelli G. Edoxaban: a focused review of its clinical pharmacology. Eur Heart J. 2014;35:1844–55. https://doi.org/10.1093/EURHEARTJ/EHU181.

Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Ashton V, Kerolus-Georgi S, Moore KT. The pharmacology, efficacy, and safety of rivaroxaban in renally impaired patient populations. J Clin Pharmacol. 2021;61:1010–26. https://doi.org/10.1002/JCPH.1838.

Article