Maspero J, Adir Y, Al-Ahmad M, Celis-Preciado CA, Colodenco FD, Giavina-Bianchi P, et al. Type 2 inflammation in asthma and other airway diseases. ERJ Open Res. 2022;8(3):00576–2021. https://doi.org/10.1183/23120541.00576-2021.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ogulur I, Mitamura Y, Yazici D, Pat Y, Ardicli S, Li M, et al. Type 2 immunity in allergic diseases. Cell Mol Immunol. 2025;22(3):211–42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-025-01261-2.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Chen Y, Yang T, Zhang J, Chen X, Chen X, Cheng Z, et al. Type 2 inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: A promising treatable trait and practice recommendations. Chin Med J Pulm Crit Care Med. 2025;3(4):225–45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pccm.2025.11.004.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Carriera L, Fantò M, Martini A, D’Abramo A, Puzio G, Scaramozzino MU, et al. Combination of biological therapy in severe asthma: Where we are? J Pers Med. 2023;13(11):1594. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm13111594.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bhatt SP, Rabe KF, Hanania NA, Vogelmeier CF, Cole J, Bafadhel M, et al. Dupilumab for COPD with type 2 inflammation indicated by eosinophil counts. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(3):205–14. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2303951.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bhatt SP, Rabe KF, Hanania NA, Vogelmeier CF, Bafadhel M, Christenson SA, et al. Dupilumab for COPD with blood eosinophil evidence of type 2 inflammation. N Engl J Med. 2024;390(24):2274–83. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2401304.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Bhatt SP, Rabe KF, Hanania NA, Vogelmeier CF, Bafadhel M, Christenson SA, et al. Dupilumab for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with type 2 inflammation: a pooled analysis of two phase 3, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials. Lancet Respir Med. 2025;13(3):234–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(24)00409-0.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Fujimura KE, Lynch SV. Microbiota in allergy and asthma and the emerging relationship with the gut microbiome. Cell Host Microbe. 2015;17(5):592–602. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2015.04.007.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Huang YJ, Marsland BJ, Bunyavanich S, O’Mahony L, Leung DYM, Muraro A, et al. The microbiome in allergic disease: current understanding and future opportunities-2017 PRACTALL document of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;139(4):1099–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.02.007.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hoggard M, Wagner Mackenzie B, Jain R, Taylor MW, Biswas K, Douglas RG. Chronic rhinosinusitis and the evolving understanding of microbial ecology in chronic inflammatory mucosal disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2017;30(1):321–48. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00060-16.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Hilty M, Burke C, Pedro H, Cardenas P, Bush A, Bossley C, et al. Disordered microbial communities in asthmatic airways. PLoS ONE. 2010;5(1):e8578. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0008578.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Durack J, Lynch SV, Nariya S, Bhakta NR, Beigelman A, Castro M, et al. Features of the bronchial bacterial microbiome associated with atopy, asthma, and responsiveness to inhaled corticosteroid treatment. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2017;140(1):63–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.08.055.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Verma A, Bhagchandani T, Rai A, Nikita, Sardarni UK, Bhavesh NS, et al. Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) as a Connecting Link between Microbiota and Gut-Lung Axis—A Potential Therapeutic Intervention to Improve Lung Health. ACS Omega. 2024;9(13):14648–71. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.3c05846.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Budden KF, Gellatly SL, Wood DLA, Cooper MA, Morrison M, Hugenholtz P, et al. Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2017;15(1):55–63. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrmicro.2016.142.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Dang AT, Marsland BJ. Microbes, metabolites, and the gut-lung axis. Mucosal Immunol. 2019;12(4):843–50. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41385-019-0160-6.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Cait A, Hughes MR, Antignano F, Cait J, Dimitriu PA, Maas KR, et al. Microbiome-driven allergic lung inflammation is ameliorated by short-chain fatty acids. Mucosal Immunol. 2018;11(3):785–95. https://doi.org/10.1038/mi.2017.75.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Kilic E, Basaran P. Dietary fatty acids modulate gut microbiota-derived Trimethylamine-N-Oxide: potential mechanisms and future perspective. Nutrients. 2025;17(23):3787. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17233787.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Bernardi F, D’Amico F, Bencardino S, Faggiani I, Fanizza J, Zilli A, et al. Gut microbiota metabolites: unveiling their role in inflammatory bowell diseases and fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals Basel. 2024;17(3):347. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17030347.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cicchinelli S, Gemma S, Pignataro G, Piccioni A, Ojetti V, Gasbarrini A, et al. Intestinal fibrogenesis in inflammatory bowell diseases: exploring the potential role of gut microbiota metabolites as modulators. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 2024;17(4):490. https://doi.org/10.3390/ph17040490.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Cicchinelli S, Rosa F, Manca F, Zanza C, Ojetti V, Covino M, et al. The impact of smoking on microbiota: a narrative review. Biomedicines. 2023;11(4):1144. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11041144.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Saviano A, Petruzziello C, Brigida M, Morabito Loprete MR, Savioli G, Migneco A, et al. Gut microbiota alteration and its modulation with probiotics in Celiac Disease. Biomedicines. 2023;11(10):2638. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines11102638.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gabrielli M, Zileri Dal Verme L, Zocco MA, Nista EC, Ojetti V, Gasbarrini A. The role of the gastrointestinal microbiota in Parkinson’s Disease. Biomolecules. 2024;15(1):26. https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15010026.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
D’Avino P, Kim J, Li M, Gessner P, Westermann P, Pat Y, et al. Distinct roles of IL-4, IL‐13, and IL‐22 in human skin barrier dysfunction and atopic dermatitis. Allergy. 2026;81(2):480–97. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.70060.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
McLeod JJA, Baker BN, Ryan JJ. Mast cell production and response to IL-4 and IL-13. Cytokine. 2015;75(1):57–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cyto.2015.05.019.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Wynn TA. IL-13 effector functions. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:425–56. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141142.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Didriksen BJ, Eshleman EM, Alenghat T. Epithelial regulation of microbiota-immune cell dynamics. Mucosal Immunol. 2024;17(2):303–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mucimm.2024.02.008.
Comments (0)