Sarwar N, Gao P, Seshasai SR, Gobin R, Kaptoge S, Di Angelantonio E, et al. Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Lancet. 2010;375(9733):2215–22.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Fox CS, Pencina MJ, Wilson PW, Paynter NP, Vasan RS, D’Agostino RB Sr. Lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease among individuals with and without diabetes stratified by obesity status in the Framingham Heart Study. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(8):1582–4.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Lloyd-Jones DM, Leip EP, Larson MG, D’Agostino RB, Beiser A, Wilson PW, et al. Prediction of lifetime risk for cardiovascular disease by risk factor burden at 50 years of age. Circulation. 2006;113(6):791–8.
Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A, Eliaschewitz FG, Jodar E, Leiter LA, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(19):1834–44.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Marso SP, Daniels GH, Brown-Frandsen K, Kristensen P, Mann JF, Nauck MA, et al. Liraglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(4):311–22.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gerstein HC, Colhoun HM, Dagenais GR, Diaz R, Lakshmanan M, Pais P, et al. Dulaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (REWIND): a double-blind, randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2019;394(10193):121–30.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Look Ahead Research Group, Wing RR, Bolin P, Brancati FL, Bray GA, Clark JM, et al. Cardiovascular effects of intensive lifestyle intervention in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(2):145–54.
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S, Davies M, Gaal LFV, Lingvay I, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(11):989–1002.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Rubino DM, Greenway FL, Khalid U, O’Neil PM, Rosenstock J, Sørrig R, et al. Effect of weekly subcutaneous semaglutide vs daily liraglutide on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity without diabetes: the STEP 8 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2022;327(2):138–50.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Davies M, Faerch L, Jeppesen OK, Pakseresht A, Pedersen SD, Perreault L, et al. Semaglutide 2.4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): a randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2021;397(10278):971–84.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK, Davies M, Frias JP, Koroleva A, et al. Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: the step 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2021;325(14):1403–13.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):740–56.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Nauck MA, Meier JJ. Incretin hormones: their role in health and disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(Suppl 1):5–21.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Sattar N, McGuire DK, Pavo I, Weerakkody GJ, Nishiyama H, Wiese RJ, et al. Tirzepatide cardiovascular event risk assessment: a pre-specified meta-analysis. Nat Med. 2022;28(3):591–8.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ryan D, Heaner M. Guidelines (2013) for managing overweight and obesity in adults. Preface to the full report. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(Suppl 2):S1-3.
Ryan DH, Yockey SR. Weight loss and improvement in comorbidity: differences at 5%, 10%, 15%, and over. Curr Obes Rep. 2017;6(2):187–94.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Gilbert O, Gulati M, Gluckman TJ, Kittleson MM, Rikhi R, Saseen JJ, et al. 2025 Concise Clinical Guidance: an ACC Expert Consensus Statement on medical weight management for optimization of cardiovascular health: a report of the American College of Cardiology Solution Set Oversight Committee. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2025;86(7):536–55.
Look Ahead Research Group, Gregg EW, Jakicic JM, Blackburn G, Bloomquist P, Bray GA, et al. Association of the magnitude of weight loss and changes in physical fitness with long-term cardiovascular disease outcomes in overweight or obese people with type 2 diabetes: a post hoc analysis of the look AHEAD randomised clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4(11):913–21.
Wing RR, Lang W, Wadden TA, Safford M, Knowler WC, Bertoni AG, et al. Benefits of modest weight loss in improving cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese individuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2011;34(7):1481–6.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Jacob S, Eckel RH, Krentz AJ. Improved cardiovascular outcomes with glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists - What is the role of weight reduction? Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab. 2025;14(4):e00346.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Despres JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2021;143(21):e984–1010.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Ormazabal V, Nair S, Elfeky O, Aguayo C, Salomon C, Zuniga FA. Association between insulin resistance and the development of cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2018;17(1):122.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
The Look AHEAD Research Group. Eight-year weight losses with an intensive lifestyle intervention: the look AHEAD study. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2014;22(1):5–13.
Husain M, Bain SC, Jeppesen OK, Lingvay I, Sørrig R, Treppendahl MB, et al. Semaglutide (SUSTAIN and PIONEER) reduces cardiovascular events in type 2 diabetes across varying cardiovascular risk. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2020;22(3):442–51.
Article PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M, Dungan K, Eliaschewitz FG, Franco DR, et al. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(9):841–51.
Article CAS PubMed Google Scholar
Tan X, Liang Y, Rajpura JR, Yedigarova L, Noone J, Xie L, et al. Once-weekly glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists vs dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors: cardiovascular effects in people with diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2023;22(1):319.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Inzucchi SE, Tan X, Liang Y, Yedigarova L, Xie L, de Havenon A. Cardiovascular events in adults with type 2 diabetes and ASCVD initiating once-weekly semaglutide vs DPP-4is in the USA. Diabetes Ther. 2025;16(2):187–203.
Olukorode JO, Orimoloye DA, Nwachukwu NO, Onwuzo CN, Oloyede PO, Fayemi T, et al. Recent advances and therapeutic benefits of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) agonists in the management of type 2 diabetes and associated metabolic disorders. Cureus. 2024;16(10):e72080.
PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Mansoor M. The cardiovascular physiology of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists: from macro-level outcomes to micro-level mechanisms. Physiologia. 2025;5(3):34.
Skrobucha A, Pindlowski P, Krajewska N, Grabowski M, Jonik S. Anti-inflammatory effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in coronary artery disease: a comprehensive review. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2024;11:1446468.
Article CAS PubMed PubMed Central Google Scholar
Garcia-Vega D, Sanchez-Lopez D, Rodriguez-Carnero G, Villar-Taibo R, Vinuela JE, Lestegas-Soto A, et al. Semaglutide modulates prothrombotic and atherosclerotic mechanisms, associated with epicardial fat, neutrophils and endothelial cells network. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2024;23(1):1.
Comments (0)